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% Document Info
\author{Taalithaa (Taalithaa)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (biology-module-5-3.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Taalithaa (Taalithaa))
  /Subject (Biology - Module 5.3 Cheat Sheet)
}

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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Biology - Module 5.3 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Taalithaa (Taalithaa)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/183017/cs/40375/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Taalithaa (Taalithaa) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/taalithaa} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 3rd October, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The kidney}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The kidney are excretory organs which are vital for survival} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{The functions of the kidney}} \{\{ac\}\}} \tn 
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Removal of urea & Regulating the water potential of blood plasma \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{ The structure of the kidney }} \{\{ac\}\}} \tn 
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Capsule & Layer of lipid surrounding the kidney that acts as a protective layer \tn 
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Renal Cortex & The outer region of the kidney \tn 
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Renal Medulla & The inner region of the kidney \tn 
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Nephron & The functional unit of the kidney \{\{nl\}\} located in between the renal cortex and the renal medulla \{\{nl\}\} the nephron is made of two sections… \{\{nl\}\} - the renal corpuscle \{\{nl\}\} - the renal tubules \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 10)
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Renal Corpuscle & The renal corpuscle is made of the Glomerulus and the Bowman's Capsule \tn 
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Renal Tubules & The renal tubules are made up of proximal convoluted tubules, loops of Henle, and distal convoluted tubules \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
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\vfill
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The kidney (cont)}}  \tn
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Pelvis & The pelvis removes any of the urine form the nephrons \tn 
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Ureter & The ureter removes any urine from the pelvis to the bladder \tn 
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Urethra & The urethra is a tube that removes urine from the bladder and expels it out of the body. \tn 
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{\bf{Processes that occur in the kidneys}} \{\{ac\}\} & {\bf{Location}} \{\{ac\}\} \tn 
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1- Ultrafiltration & Renal corpuscle \tn 
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2- Selective Reabsorbtion & Renal tubule \tn 
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3- Water Reabsorbtion & Renal tubule \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1- ULTRAFILTRATION}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\seqsplit{Ultrafiltration} & the process by which the blood is first filtered in the nephron for any small molecules leaving behind the erythrocytes and the large plasma proteins. \tn 
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% Row 1
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Location & Ultrafiltration occurs in the glomerulus and the small molecules are filtered into the bowman's capsule which leads to the proximal convoluted tubule. \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Key Terms}}} \tn 
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Glomerulus & network of capillaries where ultrafiltration occurs \tn 
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Bowman's capsule & Cup shaped structure that surrounds the glomerulus and is responsible for the initial stage of urine formation. \tn 
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Endothelium & the inner lining of the capillaries which are thin and permeable to allow the exchange of materials. \tn 
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Basement membrane & the basement membrane is made of collagen fibres and proteins that prevents the removal of large molecules from the capillary \tn 
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Podocytes & Lining of the bowman's capsule - they are specialised epithelial cells they contain pedicels \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 4)
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\vfill
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1- ULTRAFILTRATION (cont)}}  \tn
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Pedicels & finger like protections that are found on the podocytes that wrap around the capillary creating slits to stop the removal of any large molecules from the capillary \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Process}} \{\{ac\}\}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{1. The unclean blood {\bf{enters}} into the kidney by the {\bf{afferent arteriole}} and {\bf{exits}} the kidney through the {\bf{efferent arteriole}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{2. The {\bf{afferent arteriole}} has a {\bf{wide lumen}} to maintain a {\bf{high hydrostatic pressure}} from the artery - the hydrostatic pressure must be greater than the hydrostatic pressure in the Bowman's capsule so that it maintains a {\bf{hydrostatic pressure gradient}}.} \tn 
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% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{3. The {\bf{small molecules}} are forced out of the capillary through the {\bf{endothelium}} due to the {\bf{hydrostatic pressure gradient}} - this it the {\bf{first filter}}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{4. The filtrate is then filtered through the {\bf{basement membrane}} which prevents the removal of any large molecules - this is the {\bf{second filter}}} \tn 
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% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{5. The filtrate is then filtered through the {\bf{podocytes}} that {\bf{line the Bowman's capsule}} the filtrate is forced through teh gaps between the podocytes have {\bf{pedicels}}} \tn 
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% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{6. The filtrate is now in the {\bf{bowman's capsule}} with everything but the erythrocytes and the large plasma proteins and is now referred to as {\bf{glomerular filtrate}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 4)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1- ULTRAFILTRATION (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{7. The glomerular filtrate moves then to the {\bf{proximal convoluted tubule}}} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.94103 cm} x{3.03597 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1. SELECTIVE REABSORBTION}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Selective Reabsorbtion}} & selective reabsorbtion is the process by which specific, necessary molecules are re absorbed from the glomerular filtrate to the proximal convoluted tubule such as glucose and sodium ions (leaving the urea) to decrease the water potential in the PCT to re absorb more water from the glomerular filtrate. \tn 
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{\bf{Location}} & selective reabsorbtion occurs in the first section of the renal tubules - the molecules are absorbed from the proximal convoluted tubule in the the capillary network surrounding the PCT \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Key Terms}}} \tn 
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Na+ & sodium ions \tn 
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Co-transport & the mechanism of active transport involving the simultaneous movement of two different substances across a biological membrane \tn 
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% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Process}}} \tn 
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\vfill
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.94103 cm} x{3.03597 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1. SELECTIVE REABSORBTION (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{1. {\bf{Na+}} (sodium ions) is {\bf{actively transported}} into the {\bf{tissue fluid}} from the {\bf{cells}} lining PCT tubule walls using a {\bf{sodium-potassium pump}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{2. This {\bf{reduces}} the {\bf{concentration}} of {\bf{Na+}} in the {\bf{cytoplasm}} of the PCT cells} \tn 
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% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{3. The {\bf{Na+}} molecules are then transported into the {\bf{PCT cells}} from the {\bf{glomerular filtrate}} with {\bf{glucose or amino acids}} using {\bf{co-tansoporter proteins}} by {\bf{facilitated diffusion}}} \tn 
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% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{4. As the {\bf{glucose and amino acid concentrations rise}} in the {\bf{PCT cells}} the glucose and amino acids {\bf{diffuse by facilitated diffusion}} out the other side of the cell into the the {\bf{tissue fluid}} down their {\bf{concentration gradient}}} \tn 
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% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{5. The {\bf{substances}} in the {\bf{tissue fluid diffuse}} into the {\bf{blood}} and are carried away to the rest of the body.} \tn 
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% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{6. The {\bf{reabsorbtion of Na+, glucose and amino acids reduces the water potential in the cells}} and the water potential {\bf{increases in the tubule fluid}}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 4)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{7. {\bf{Water}} will enter into the {\bf{PCT cells}} by {\bf{osmosis}} down their {\bf{water potential gradient}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Adaptation of cells lining the PCT}} \{\{ac\}\}} \tn 
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% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Many microvilli & - adapted to increase the surface area for increased reabsorbtion of necessary molevules in filtrate such as glucose, amino acids and sodium ions \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.94103 cm} x{3.03597 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1. SELECTIVE REABSORBTION (cont)}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Co-transporter proteins & - adapted to allow sodium ions, glucose and amino acids to perform facilitated diffusion \tn 
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% Row 16
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Many mitochndria & - adapted to produce ATP for active transport of sodium ions into the blood stream from the PCT cells using sodium-potassium pumps. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
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