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%\usepackage{opensans}          % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely.
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% Document Info
\author{sxdnxy (sxdnxy)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (basic-biology.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (sxdnxy (sxdnxy))
  /Subject (Basic biology Cheat Sheet)
}

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\noindent
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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Basic biology Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{sxdnxy (sxdnxy)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/145968/cs/31663/}}}
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\noindent
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}sxdnxy (sxdnxy) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/sxdnxy} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 3rd May, 2022.\\
   Updated 14th April, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.74195 cm} x{3.23505 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Meiosis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Used for sexual reproduction, combines genetic material from two parents to produce genetically unique offspring.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Halves the number of chromosomes in gamete, occurs in germline cells.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{2 sets of division - Meiosis I and Meiosis II} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Prophase I & Chromosomes condense\{\{nl\}\}Homologs pair up\{\{nl\}\}Crossing over occurs \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Metaphase I & Homologous pairs line up along metaphase plate \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 5
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Anaphase I & Homologous pairs are separated\{\{nl\}\}Sister chromatids stay together \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Telophase and cytokinesis follow same steps as Mitosis} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Genetic variation in meiosis} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Crossing over & Occurs in Prophase I\{\{nl\}\}Homologous pairs come together\{\{nl\}\}Internal chromatids cross at chiasma\{\{nl\}\}Genetic info is swapped \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 5)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
Independent assortment & Occurs in Metaphase I\{\{nl\}\} Homologous pairs line up randomly\{\{nl\}\}Gametes do not receive just paternal or maternal information\{\{nl\}\}More than 8 million combinations \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{There is not further duplication of DNA between meiosis I and meiosis II, meiosis II is the same as mitosis except 4 daughter cells are produced.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{0.89586 cm} x{4.08114 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mitosis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Mitosis is the process used for growth and repair of cells as well as reproduction of unicellular organisms.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{It comes after interphase and before cytokinesis, order can be remembered using Isaac please make another two cells.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Prophase} & Replicated DNA condenses into chromosomes wrapped around histones\{\{nl\}\}Centrioles produce spindle fibres and migrate to poles\{\{nl\}\}Nuclear membrane breaks down\{\{nl\}\}Nucleolus disappears\{\{nl\}\}Spindle fibres attach to chromosomes at centromere \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 8)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Metaphase} & Spindle fibres line the chromosome up on the metaphase plate \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Anaphase} & Spindle fibres contract\{\{nl\}\}Sister chromatids are pulled to the poles \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Telophase} & Chromosomes reach the poles\{\{nl\}\}New nuclear membrane forms\{\{nl\}\}Spindle fibres break down\{\{nl\}\}Chromosomes condense \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.09494 cm} x{3.88206 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cells}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Smallest unit of life. Contains organelles.} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{If if metabolic rate is greater than material exchange rate then the cell will die.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Prokaryotes} & No nucleus\{\{nl\}\}No membrane bound organelles\{\{nl\}\}1 circular chromosome\{\{nl\}\}Commonly contains cytoplasm, nucleoid, plasmids, ribosomes, cell wall, slime capsule, flagella and pili \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Eukaryotes} & All multicellular organisms\{\{nl\}\}Membrane bound organelles.\{\{nl\}\}Shares plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA and ribosome features with prokaryotes. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.59264 cm} x{3.38436 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mechanisms of change}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Change in allele frequency in an gene pool} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Mutation & Random change in DNA sequence \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Sexual \seqsplit{reproduction} & New gene combinations and alter allele frequency \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Gene flow & Immigration or emigration of alleles in a gene pool \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Genetic drift & Random event changes composition, larger effects in smaller populations\{\{nl\}\}Bottleneck effect- dramatic decrease in population, unique alleles are lost\{\{nl\}\}Founder effect- small portion of population move, smaller gene pool \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 9)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Natural selection & Selection pressures leave fittest phenotypes \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Mutation alone does not have a large effect when combined meaningful changes can be made.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.24425 cm} x{3.73275 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Evolution types}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Evolution type:} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Divergent & New species result from the same ancestral species, allopatric speciation results in homologous structures. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 2
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\seqsplit{Convergent} & Opposite of divergent, similar selection pressures cause similar adaptations. Result in analogous features \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Evidence of evolution can include a variety of different studies about an animal} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 4
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Fossil record & Order of species in time scale \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Biogeography} & Study of historical distribution of species past and present. Geographically closer together means it is more likely they are similar. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Morphology} & Analysis of features to see if they are homologous \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Biochemistry} & Studying the similarities between the base pairs. DNA hybridisation can be used. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.09494 cm} x{3.88206 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell cycle}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Process of growth and division to form new cells} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{3 stages - interphase, meiosis/mitosis, cytokinesis} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Interphase} & G1- cell growth; cytosol, proteins and organelles \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & G0- arrest of cell cycle, dying or damages cells \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Synthesis- replication of DNA \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & G2- continuation of growth and preparation \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Mitosis or meiosis see respective sections} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Cytokinesis} & Differs from animal to plant \{\{nl\}\}Divison of cytoplasm and organelles before splitting of cells\{\{nl\}\}Animals have cleavage furrow pinching the cells apart\{\{nl\}\}Plants have a cell plate that turns into the cell wall \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.64241 cm} x{3.33459 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Simple inheritance}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Complete dominance & Dominant allele masks the recessive allele\{\{nl\}\}Recessive allele only has an effect when homozygous\{\{nl\}\}Dominant is capital letter, recessive lowercase. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Incomplete dominance & Neither allele is wholly dominant\{\{nl\}\}Heterozygous individual will show a blending\{\{nl\}\}Writing alleles- common base used superscript capitals used for allele. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Co-dominance & Both alleles are dominant only one expressed in each cell \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Inheritance patterns:} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Autosomal dominant & Find two parents with trait having child without \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Autosomal recessive & Check for two parents without having a child with \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
X-linked dominant & Occurs in every generation of family, all daughters have the trait when father has and mother doesn't. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
X-linked recessive & Does not occur in every generation of family, do all females with trait have father with. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Y-linked & Occurs in every generation of family, only in males, passing from father to son. \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Some genetic disorders include Down's syndrome which is trisomy for chromosome 21, Turner - monosomy for X without Y. Klinefelter two X chromosomes and a Y}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.69218 cm} x{3.28482 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Transport across the membrane}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The membrane is a phospholipid bilayer enclosing the cell. Made of phospholipids, proteins and cholesterol.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The phospholipid bilayer has outwards facing negatively hydrophilic phosphate heads and inwards facing lipid tails that are hydrophobic.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Types of transport:} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Simple diffusion & Down the concentration gradient, occurs do to the random movement overtime, passive.\{\{nl\}\}Can transport gases and small lipophilic molecules \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Facilitated diffusion & Down the concentration gradient through transport proteins, passive.\{\{nl\}\}Channels transport small charged ions\{\{nl\}\}Carrier proteins transport small uncharged molecules like glucose \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 7)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Osmosis & Net movement of water across a semipermeable membrane. Water moves from low solute concentration to high.  Membrane must be permeable to water but not solute. Dilates solution. Hypo to hyper \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 8)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Active transport & Requires ATP uses carrier proteins as pumps. Against the gradient. Sodium potassium pump for muscle and nerves. \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.69218 cm} x{3.28482 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Transport across the membrane (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Bulk transport & Substances to large to pass through proteins. ATP used to form vesicles which move between membrane and golgi. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.09494 cm} x{3.88206 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Speciation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The evolution of two or more species from a single species to the point the viable offspring cannot be produced.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Isolating mechanisms prevent gene flow} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Prezygotic} & Ecological- different areas\{\{nl\}\}Temporal- breeding season differs\{\{nl\}\}Behavioural- different mating behaviours\{\{nl\}\}Mechanical- physical characteristics are incompatible\{\{nl\}\}Gamete isolation- female reproductive tract is fatal to sperm \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 8)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Postzygotic} & Zygote mortality- fertilisation occurs but zygote doesn't develop\{\{nl\}\}Inviability of zygote- develops to embryo but not further\{\{nl\}\}Sterile- offspring cannot reproduce \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Types of speciation:} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Allopatric} & Occurs due to a geographical barrier and assumes no gene flow between populations \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Sympatric} & Same geographic areas habitat preferences differ. Gene flow can occur. \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.4931 cm} x{3.4839 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA stucture}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Double stranded double helix shape composed of nucleotides. Strands run from 5' to 3' and are antiparallel.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{3 main components in a nucleotide. The nitrogenous bases hold strands together} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Nitrogenous bases & Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine. \{\{nl\}\}Form weak hydrogen bonds with complementary base.\{\{nl\}\}Chargaff's rule states A goes with T and C with G.\{\{nl\}\} A and G are purine with1 ring.\{\{nl\}\} C and T are pyrimidines with 2 rings.\{\{nl\}\} A and T, 2 H bonds, C and G, 3 H bonds \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 10)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Phosphate group & Forms strong backbone with sugar molecules \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Sugar group & Deoxyribose sugar bound to phosphate at 5', nitrogenous base at 1' and previous nucleotide at 3'. \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Semi-conservative replication as one strand from every new helix is from parent strand.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.34379 cm} x{3.63321 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Protein synthesis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{DNA to protein - 3 stages; Transcription, mRNA processing, Translation} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Transcription} & RNA polymerase unwinds dsDNA\{\{nl\}\}Adds RNA nucleotides complementary to template strand in 5' to 3' direction.\{\{nl\}\}Stops when polymerase reaches stop.\{\{nl\}\}dsDNA reanneals and primary RNA peals off \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
mRNA \seqsplit{processing} & Primary RNA transcript transformed into a form that can exit nucleus\{\{nl\}\}Leaves through a pore interacting with ribosome either in cytoplasm or on RER \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Translation} & Small ribosomal subunit bonds to mRNA at 5'\{\{nl\}\}tRNA bonds to mRNA, the anticodon is complementary to codon.\{\{nl\}\}Large ribosomal unit attaches\{\{nl\}\}Next tRNA molecule enters the ribsosome\{\{nl\}\}Complementary amino acids form polypeptide chain at opposite end\{\{nl\}\}Translation stops when a STOP is reached. \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 11)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Proteins are large biological macromolecules, made up of amino acids, 3D shaped vital for correct functioning.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} x{4.4793 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{RNA}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Differs from DNA as it has a ribose sugar rather than deoxyribose, and uracil instead of thymine. It is also single stranded} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Types of RNA:} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
mRNA & DNA is copied to RNA so it can be translated \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
tRNA & Clover leaf shaped adapter molecule carrying amino acid \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
rRNA & Important part of ribosome \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.44333 cm} x{3.53367 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mutations}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Changes to DNA base sequence. Can be induced from exposure to mutagens or spontaneous.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Point mutations can be substitution insertion or deletion} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Silent mutations & Have no effect, base is changed but codon does not \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Missense & Can be minor- only one codon is altered, Major - frameshift where every acid past point is altered. Sickle cell anaemia \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Nonsense & Premature stop is created can result in cystic fibrosis. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Mutation can only be inherited if it occurs in a germline cell and is passed on.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Natural selection}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Mechanism by which evolution occurs} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Removes less fit genes from gene pool, increasing allele frequency of fitter phenotypes.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Better phenotype means increased chance for reproduction thus higher allele frequency.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Can result in co-evolution if two species provide the selection pressure for \newline each other.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.34379 cm} x{3.63321 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fossils}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Trace fossils are not the body but can be excrements or similar. Body fossils are bones or parts of the body preserved.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The process of fossilisation starts with organism death, the soft tissue decays and buried under sediment. The sediment solidifies and is exposed.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The process requires hard parts, quick burial, low oxygen environments.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Types of fossils:} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Mineralised} & Organic matter is turned into minerals \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Mould & Organism completely decomposes and leaves and empty space \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Cast fossil & An empty space filled with rocks \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Dating of fossils:} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Relative dating & Looks at the rock layer the fossil was found in and surrounding fossils with known age ranges \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
Absolute dating & Uses radioisotopes which decay over time and measuring the level of different elements and the isotopes. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Transitional fossils are highly sought after as they can show traits from both the ancestral and modern forms of the organism.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}