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\author{Suzie C Dixon (suzie22dixon)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (music-videos-a-level-media.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Suzie C Dixon (suzie22dixon))
  /Subject (music videos a level media Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{music videos a level media Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Suzie C Dixon (suzie22dixon)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/212965/cs/46384/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Suzie C Dixon (suzie22dixon) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/suzie22dixon} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 18th May, 2025.\\
   Updated 18th May, 2025.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{MUSIC VIDEOS INTRO}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Conventions:}} sets of codes repeated across numerous media texts from the same form and within the same industry.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{ANDREW GOODWIN MUSIC VIDEO CONVENTIONS}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Goodwin (1992) studied hundreds of music videos} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{He tried to find what most of them had in common.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. There is a relationship between lyrics and visuals.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2. There is a relationship between music and visuals.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{3. Music videos demonstrate genre characteristics.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{4. Communicating (or creating) Star power will be required by the record company.} \tn 
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% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{5. Audiences are encouraged to become voyeurs and are positioned to look intently at individuals (often objectifying them)} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{6. There are often intertextual references to other media texts - films, TV programmes, other music videos etc.} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{RIPTIDE - MEDIA LANGUAGE/REPRESENTATION}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Vance Joy, Riptide, 2013} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Real name: James Gabriel Keogh} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Australian singer-songwriter} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Signed to Atlantic records: subsidiary of major label, Warner} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Lyrics have been described as a "coming of age story"} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Contains many metaphors} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{And pop culture references} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Video directed by Dimitri Basil and Laura Gor} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Roland Barthes - Semiotics}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Meaning is communicated through a process of signification} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Denotation – literal or common sense meaning of a sign} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Connotation – associated or suggested meanings} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Connotations usually rely of multiple possible meanings, depending on the situation and interpretation} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Barthes said that many signs are POLYSEMIC - have many meanings.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The connotations usually rely on culturally learned meanings} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Lyric - "All my friends are turning green"}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Denotation – these people are friends of the singer, they are looking at the money.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Connotations - the symbolic nature of the colour green: Envy/jealousy, illness/sickness, nature, growth, life etc. The symbolic nature of money: Wealth, status, power, success} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{RIPTIDE - MEDIA LANGUAGE/REPRESENTATION (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Is it implying that friends are envious about the success of Vance Joy as he will be making lots more money than them?} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{that friends (possibly in other bands) have "sold out" by giving into money? (turning away from the singer and towards the money)} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{That money will always cause problems and sour romantic relationships – the money is becoming between the two people in shot.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Consider intellectual montage}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Does Riptide feature Goodwin conventions?}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LYRICS AND VISUALS - In Riptide there is a direct connection between what we hear and see -texts communicate meanings in a process of signification. Mostly the images denote the lyrics – using first level signification. Some images connote deeper meanings – using second level signification. Some signs in the text are polysemic.} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{RELATIONSHIP BETWEN MUSIC AND VISUALS - The editing of the visuals is on the beat of the music. {\emph{However}} the edits are irregular compared to the beats (shots are held for different lengths). ome elements of the visuals repeat (to an extent) with the chorus. {\bf{BUT}} the overall 'upbeat' nature of the music contrasts the 'dark' atmosphere in the imagery (horror and abuse references)} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{MUSIC VIDEOS DEMONSTRATE GENRE CHARACTERISTICS - {\bf{Vance Joy's Riptide belongs to the hybrid genre of Indie Folk.}} Repetition within the Indie Folk genre includes lo-fi videos with bands playing instruments, basic narrative (if any) and few special effects. {\emph{Riptide is relatively unusual as an Indie Folk video in terms of its production values, its lack of performance and its different settings and iconography.}}} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{RIPTIDE - MEDIA LANGUAGE/REPRESENTATION (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{COMMUNICATING STAR POWER - Vance joy was a relatively unknown artist – new to a major record label, might expect the label to want to use the video to build star power for a new artist. {\bf{However Vance Joy does not appear in the video}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{It is very cinematic and has high production values} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The colour scheme, composition and quirky performances might remind audiences of Wes Anderson's films} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Independent film aesthetic} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Lends indie credibility to Vance Joy as an artist} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{INTERTEXTUAL REFERENCES - This shot of tarot cards also references the French New Wave film Cleo from 5 to 7 (Agnés Varda, 1962), Midnight Cowboy (John Schlesinger, 1969): Referred to in the lyrics  "There's this movie that I think you'll like" ETC} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The video opens with text similar to a billing block on film posters} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{So many parallels with and references to film} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Could communicate to an audience that this is more ambitious and artistic than an average music video} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Therefore communicating that Vance Joy is an ambitious, creative, forward-thinking artist} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Riptide is a very polysemic text – it is ambiguous and open to interpretation} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{It's good to be able to acknowledge and explore multiple possible meanings} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{RIPTIDE - MEDIA LANGUAGE/REPRESENTATION (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Meanings aren't fixed and are created by audiences} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{THINK Gauntlett Identity theory}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The ambiguous nature of the text means that audiences can pick and mix the elements of the video that appeal to them} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Audiences may interpret the video according their own identities} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{FORMATION CONTEXT}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{NEW ORLEANS}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Louisiana (southern USA)} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Majority black population} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Culturally mixed} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Distinctive culture called créole} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Spanish and French influences from colonial era, mixed with African, Native American etc.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Famous for mardi gras} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The Mardi Gras Indians are black citizens who wear elaborate costumes} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Inspired by Native American traditions} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Famous for music} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Marching bands …which developed into jazz – 'invented' in New Orleans} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{... and Blues music} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{And known for food} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Especially sea food} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Influenced by both African and European cultures} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Problems with poverty} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Locals often work in poorly paid service jobs} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Disproportionately affects the black community} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Economy relies on tourism} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{31\% black residents live in poverty} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Compared to 10\% white residents} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Average black-owned home is worth half as much as average white-owned home} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{'Antebellum' period in Louisiana – early to mid 19th century} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Formation refers to the fashion of this era}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- And the grand homes built then} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{FORMATION CONTEXT (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{These would have been accessible only to wealthy white people} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{HURRICANE KATRINA}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{August 2005} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Category 5 hurricane} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- "Catastrophic damage will occur"} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- "Most of the area will be uninhabitable for weeks or months."} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{New Orleans is surrounded by water} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Much of the city is below sea level} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Man-made 'levees' hold the water back from the city} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Several of these broke in the hurricane, causing flooding} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{80\% city was under water} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{ {\emph{What were leaders expecting to happen after they moved citizens into temporary shelters?}} }}} \tn 
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% Row 38
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Outside help would soon come} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Federal police, national guard etc.} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- A mass evacuation was expected} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 41
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{ {\emph{What actually happened?}} }}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 42
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- People were stranded without food and medical support} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 43
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Ordinary citizens had to take charge of rescue} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 44
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Wealthy residents were able to leave by car} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 45
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Poorer residents were trapped in the city} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 46
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{BUSH: response was too slow, did not publicly acknowledge hurricane Katrina at first. Relief package signed }}3 days** after hurricane ended.  Took too long to visit New Orleans. Claimed the government didn't know the hurricane was coming but this was proven to be untrue} \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{FORMATION CONTEXT (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 47
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{why do people thing Bush responded this way?}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 48
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Worst affected areas were working-class and predominantly black} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 49
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Some felt racism played a part in the slow response} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 50
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 0)
% Row 51
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{BLACK LIVES MATTER}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 52
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Term was first used in 2013} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 53
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Response to the death of 17 year-old Trayvon Martin} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 54
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Shot and killed by a member of a local community watch group on his way back from a nearby shop} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 55
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{His killer was acquitted of murder and manslaughter} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 56
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Responding to deaths linked to police brutality} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 57
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Argues that racism is systematic + {\emph{'Embedded'}} in the way the police operate} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 58
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 0)
% Row 59
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{THE BLACK PANTHER PARTY 1966 - 1982}}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 60
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Called for;} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 61
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- End to police brutality} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 62
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Employment for black Americans} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 63
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Better housing for black Americans} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 64
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Justice for black Americans} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 65
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Part of wider Black Power movement} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 66
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Worked within community: free breakfast for children, free health clinics} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 67
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- {\bf{But were not pacifists and often clashed with police}}} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 68
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Observed secretly by the FBI} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 1)
% Row 69
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 0)
% Row 70
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{BEYONCE 2016 SUPERBOWL PERFORMANCE}}} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
% Row 71
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Her dancers were dressed in berets and black leather : referencing the Black Panther party} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{FORMATION CONTEXT (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 72
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2016 was the 50th anniversary of the founding of the Party} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 73
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{This reference might make us think about how much progress has been made since 1966} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 74
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{the demands of the Black Panthers are the same issues still affect black people} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 75
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Black Lives Matter takes up many of the same concerns the Panthers had in the 1960s} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 76
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Some people felt the Panthers were anti-white} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 77
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Some associated with the party supported black separatism: Idea that white and black people could not co-exist} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 78
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 0)
% Row 79
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Hip Hop Evolution – New Orleans 'bounce'}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 80
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Africans were brought to New Orleans in the slave trade} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 81
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{French colonisers let them retain elements of their native culture} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 82
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Second line tradition}}: The centrality of music and dance, part of life and death, something everyone can participate in} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 83
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{TIGGERMAN}}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 84
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- A song by New York group The Showboys} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 85
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- A particular drum beat from the song became popular with New Orleans DJs} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 86
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{CHARACTERISTICS OF BOUNCE MUSIC}}} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 87
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Use of 808 drum machines (including the 'Triggerman' sample)} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 88
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Call and response} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 1)
% Row 89
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Dancing} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
% Row 90
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Links to the 'second line' tradition and New Orleans' musical heritage} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{FORMATION CONTEXT (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 91
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{SISSY BOUNCE}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 92
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Inclusive subculture of bounce music} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 93
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- LGBTQ+ rappers and DJs} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 94
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Performers often non-binary and explore gender identity} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 95
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Performers often non-binary and explore gender identity} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 96
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Beyonce samples 'sissy bounce' artist Big Freedia in Formation} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 97
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Big Freedia is a gay man, but describes himself as "gender nonconforming, fluid, non-binary"} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 98
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Sometimes uses pronouns 'she' and 'her'} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 99
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Referencing Big Freedia might tell us that … Beyonce wants to represent diversity within the black community} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 100
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Sending the message that there is no "correct" way to be black, to be a man, etc.} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{context 2}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/suzie22dixon_1747513434_Screenshot 2025-05-17 at 21.23.20.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Beyonce sings… \newline "My daddy Alabama, Momma Louisiana \newline ... make a Texas bamma" \newline Her mother is Louisiana Creole  \newline Beyonce would be considered Creole because of her family heritage \newline She owns a home in New Orleans \newline  she suggests a personal connection to New Orleans and its culture.     "Bama" - Southern slang - 'unsophisticated person' \newline Perhaps suggesting a hierarchy in which she is seen as "less black"  \newline she reclaims the stereotype and uses it positively}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{STAR POWER -powerful}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/suzie22dixon_1747513163_Screenshot 2025-05-17 at 21.18.57.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Gesture code \newline Confident pose, legs spread \newline Might remind us a male rapper in a music video \newline Matched by the tone and delivery of her vocals \newline Clothes and mise-en-scene \newline Connotes Beyonce's wealth and success}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{STAR POWER - defiant}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/suzie22dixon_1747513251_Screenshot 2025-05-17 at 21.20.35.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Gesture code is a clear message of defiance \newline Although the two images are not consecutive, we might be reminded of this moment in the video… \newline Could be seen as a message to paparazzi who intrude on her private life \newline The lyrics say, "Paparazzi, catch my fly, and my cocky fresh"}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ANTEBELLUM ERA REFERENCE}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/suzie22dixon_1747513209_Screenshot 2025-05-17 at 21.19.37.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Reference to the Antebellum era  \newline Then, clothes and houses like this would be almost exclusively for white people \newline In Formation, these settings are all-black spaces \newline Perhaps challenging stereotypes of black people as poor or not successful? \newline Perhaps reimagining the Antebellum history \newline What if black people had had power, rather than been enslaved?}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{SEXUALISED?}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/suzie22dixon_1747513290_Screenshot 2025-05-17 at 21.21.06.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Beyonce (and other women) are often dressed in a way that displays their bodies \newline Some of the dancing accentuates certain areas of their bodies                                       {\bf{However}} Beyonce has a strong + engaged presence  \newline Frequent direct-to-camera address \newline Close-ups on her face \newline No voyeurism  \newline Perhaps communicating that she is in control \newline showing her body doesn't mean she can't be powerful}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{BASKETBALL SHOT}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/suzie22dixon_1747513544_Screenshot 2025-05-17 at 21.25.25.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Shots of a basketball team with 'bamas' on their vests \newline Bamas are Beyonce's "team"!}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{REFERENCES TO BLACK CULTURE}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Beyonce gives the black power raised fist salute} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Lots of lyrical references to (particularly Southern) black culture} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{"I got hot sauce in my bag swag"} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{"I like cornbreads and collard greens, bitch"} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Note the defiance} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Perhaps suggesting these traditions are perceived as unsophisticated} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{"I like my negro nose with Jackson Five nostrils"} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Michael Jackson had plastic surgery to change the shape of his nose} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Could reflect beauty standards – changing to look more 'white'} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Could also refer to husband Jay-Z, who is often mocked for his nose} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Beyonce rejecting white beauty standards and celebrating black features} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Message of pride in Beyonce's identity} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{AGAINST FORMATION}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{New Orleans references are exploitative} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Nothing to do with the song} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Don't address the impact on (particularly black) lives in New Orleans} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Designed to shock and attract attention} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{"I like my baby heir with baby hair and afros."}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Argues that this line appears to celebrate natural black hair} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Possibly a reference to Beyonce's daughter who has natural black hair} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- The dancers in the video mostly have natural 'afro' hair} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Beyonce herself contradicts the above} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Shown with a weave covering her natural hair} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Beyonce is shown with a range of hairstyles throughout the video} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Some more 'natural' than others} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Perhaps suggesting that although pride in black features is important…} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{… so is personal choice} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The video also includes shots in a shop selling wigs} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Suggesting that hair is part of personal expression} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Colourful wigs that suit that vibrant surroundings of New Orleans} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{BOY AND POLICE SHOTS}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/suzie22dixon_1747513813_Screenshot 2025-05-17 at 21.29.39.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The boy is very young \newline Might remind us of some cases of black people shot by police \newline Tamir Rice, 12 – shot by police while playing with a toy gun in a park \newline He also wears a hoodie \newline When Trayvon Martin was wearing a hoodie when he was shot; it was cited as a reason for finding him suspicious}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{POLICE AND BOY SHOTS 2}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/suzie22dixon_1747513871_Screenshot 2025-05-17 at 21.30.44.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Police outnumber the boy \newline Low angle shot  \newline Power \newline Emphasising physical size \newline Helmets, vests etc. for protection \newline BOYS Gesture: \newline Surrender? \newline Showing he is not armed? \newline Open body language \newline Surrounded by open space \newline Emphasising vulnerability \newline Clear binary opposition (Levi Strauss) here \newline Police vs. young black man \newline Power vs vulnerability}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{CINEMATOGRPHAY}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/suzie22dixon_1747513938_Screenshot 2025-05-17 at 21.31.24.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{What might the quality of the images and the way they're shot remind us of? \newline CCTV footage \newline Drones \newline Helicopters \newline All associated with surveillance and police \newline The video presents the idea of dancing as resistance \newline Against police oppression \newline Against surveillance \newline Against racial inequality – Beyonce dancing in the Antebellum style house}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{POLICE JOIN BOYS DANCE}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/suzie22dixon_1747513999_Screenshot 2025-05-17 at 21.32.55.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Communication between black communities and police? \newline This requires the police to be open and vulnerable \newline Non-violence \newline This section ends with the "stop shooting us" graffiti \newline Reminder that this communication is only possible if police brutality ends}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THEORIES}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{bell hooks}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Beyoncé as a role model for women to achieve. Suggestion that women achieving status and success is in itself a challenge to patriarchy. Lyrics say, "You just might be a black Bill Gates in the making" and "best revenge is your paper"} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Promotes solidarity amongst women} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The word "formation" has connections to military – organising troops to go into battle} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{In the video choreographed dancing communicates the idea of unity and acting together} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The video contains imagery that communicates empowerment of women…} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{And imagery that empowers black people} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The extent to which it specifically comments on black female identity is debatable} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 0)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{GAUNTLETT}}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Challenging 'singular, straightforward messages' about gender} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Beyoncé as confident and powerful (e.g. adopting the stance of a male rapper)} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Celebrating different elements of Beyoncé's own identity} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Big Freedia sample} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 0)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{STUART HALL}}} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Challenging racial stereotypes} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{E.g. mise-en-scene emphasising wealth, success, status challenging the dominant representation of black people as poor and or unsuccessful} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 3)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Reimagining the Antebellum era with black people in positions of power} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THEORIES (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Drawing attention to and subverting racial power dynamics} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 0)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{LIESBET VAN ZOONEN}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The question of whether Beyoncé's body is shown as an "object to be looked at" could be debated} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Costume, suggestive dance moves etc.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{But also filmed and edited in a way that doesn't allow for a lingering "male gaze"} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 0)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{ROLAND BARTHES}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The concept of the signifier/signified, using specific signification in the music video and considering how this might be interpreted according to social convention} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{For example, the use of antebellum era dresses, or the boy in a black hoodie.} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 0)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{ROLAND BARTHES}}} \tn 
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% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Does the video challenge Baudrillard's idea that in the modern age of simulacra we are in a world of images which no longer refer to anything 'real'? Real events \& issues…} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Does this video refer very specifically to reality and encourage audiences to consider these issues, or is it just a promotional tool?} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 0)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{PAUL GILROY}}} \tn 
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% Row 35
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Does the music video challenge racial hierarchy by subverting expectations and placing a black woman in a position of power and dominion?} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{But does it perpetuate a sense of binary opposition between races by perpetuating Gilroy's sense of 'otherness' and a clear divide based on racial lines?} \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}