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\author{Suzie C Dixon (suzie22dixon)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (beliefs-in-society-sociology.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Suzie C Dixon (suzie22dixon))
  /Subject (BELIEFS IN SOCIETY - SOCIOLOGY Cheat Sheet)
}

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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{BELIEFS IN SOCIETY - SOCIOLOGY Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Suzie C Dixon (suzie22dixon)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/212965/cs/46431/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Suzie C Dixon (suzie22dixon) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/suzie22dixon} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 23rd May, 2025.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Durkheim on religion}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- Society is a system of interrelated parts} \tn 
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- Society has needs which are met by different institutions & I.E - religion, media \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{The sacred and the profane}}} \tn 
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{\bf{Sacred:}} & Things that are set apart, are surrounded by prohibitions and taboos and create feelings of awe \tn 
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{\bf{Profane:}} & Things that are mundane and ordinary \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{That powerful feelings evoked by the sacred implies that it represents something of great power - {\bf{Society}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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{\bf{Totenism:}} & The essence of religion could be discovered by studying it in its somplest form in its simplest society \tn 
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{\bf{Collective conscience:}} & Sacred symbols represent society's collective conscience \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Cognitive functions of religion:}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- Religion is the source of our ability to reason and think conceptually} \tn 
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- Religion is the origin of shared categories & I.E. space, time \tn 
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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Durkheim on religion (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- The splitting of clans gave the first ideas of classification} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{**Criticisms of Durkheim} \tn 
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{\bf{Worsley:}} & There isn't a clear division between the sacred and profance \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- The splitting of clans gave the first ideas of classification} \tn 
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{\bf{Postmodernists:}} & increasing diversity as fractured the collective conscience \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Psychological functions: MALINOWSKI}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- Helps individuals cope with stress that could undermine solidarity} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Study: Tribriant Islanders}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Where the outcome is uncertain:}}} \tn 
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- Fishing in the Lagoon: & no rituals as outcome is certain and safe \tn 
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- Fishing in the Ocean: & had rituals as outcome is uncertain and dangerous \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{At time of life crises:}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- Events such as birth and death can cause disruptive changes in social groups} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- Religion brings poeple together and explains why these happen} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Parsons: Value and Meaning}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Religion helps people cope with uncertainty} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Creates and legitimates society's values: Religion sacralises values thus promoting solidarity} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Provides a source of meaning: Religion answers unanswerable questions, helping people to adjust} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Civil Religion: Bellah}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{A belief system that attaches sacred qualities to society} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Integrates society in a way that individual religion can't} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Involves loyalty to the nation state and a belief in God = being a true American} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Functional alternatives}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Non-religious beliefs and practices that perform the same functions as religion} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Ignores what makes religion distinct} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Marxist view on religion}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Society is split into 2 classes: Bourgeoisie and Proletariat} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Religion is a feature of a divided society and wouldn't be needed in a communist society} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{For Marx if we lived in a communist society there would be no need for religion.} \tn 
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{\bf{Religion dulls the pain of oppression}} & It leads the proletariat into a false state of consciousness. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Religion and Social Control}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- Religion distorts reality} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- Encourages the belief that supernatural beings control events and there is nothing humans can do about itb} \tn 
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% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- Religion legitimises the inequality which exists in society} \tn 
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-{\bf{Engels:}} In the 1800s British Bourgeoisie spent large sums of money & - To support mainstream Christian organisations \tn 
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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Religion as compensaton}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- religion compensates for the misery of those who have been exploited} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- I.E. Christianity offers the reward of heavenly escape} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- religion promises happiness although the happiness it promises is just an illusion} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- true happiness can only be obtained by the exploited shaking off the oppression and practising their freedom} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Religion as ideology}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- religion distorts perceptions of reality to benefit the ruling class} \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- class that controls the economic base also controls production and distribution of ideas} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- religion used as a weapon to justify inequality/suffering} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- creates a false consciousness} \tn 
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{\bf{Lenin:}} & Religion is a spiritual GIn, creating a mystical fog \tn 
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% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{makes the ruling class's position appear divinely ordained} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{0.89586 cm} x{4.08114 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Religion as alienation}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{religion is a productin of alienation} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{workers are alienated because they have no freedom to express teir true natureh} \tn 
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{\bf{Marx:}} & ' religion is the opium of the people, fulling their pain \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Karl Marx: alienation}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Feminist Theory of Religion}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Evidence of Patriarchy}}} \tn 
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- Religious organisations: & Mainly male dominated \tn 
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 & {\emph{*BUT...}} \tn 
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 & Higher rates of female participation \tn 
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- Places of worship: & Often segregate the sexes \tn 
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 & Women's participation may be restricted \tn 
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- Sacred texts & Largely feature male gods \tn 
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 & Female sterotypes \tn 
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 & Interpreted/written by men \tn 
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- Religious laws and customs: & Woman may have fewer rights \tn 
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 & Religious influence on culture may lead to unequal treatment \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Woodhead: religious forms of feminism}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- patriarchy may not be true for all religion} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- argues the Hijab is liberating for women} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- pentecostal groups are empowering for women} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Religion and social change}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Sociologists have studied the role of religion in society and observed 2 broad camps} \tn 
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1. Those who see religion as a conservative force & religion - force for stability and order \tn 
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2. Those who see religion as a force for social change & supporters of this position point to the role of religion in encouraging societies to change \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Perspectives view on Religion's functions}}} \tn 
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{\bf{Functionalists}} & religion maintains social stablility \tn 
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{\bf{Marxism}} & religion prevents social change by justifying exploitation \tn 
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{\bf{Feminists}} & religion is an ideology that legitimises partiarchy \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{WEBER: Religion as a force for change}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Calvinist beliefs were the beginning of modern capitalism} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Calvinist beliefs}}} \tn 
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{\bf{Pre destination:}} & God had decided who the elect would be and nothing could change that fate \tn 
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{\bf{Divine transcendence:}} & No one could claim to know the will of God \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Religion and social change (cont)}}  \tn
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 & - caused Calvinists to feel inner loneliness which combined with pre-destination caused a salvation panic \tn 
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{\bf{This wordly ascension:}} & Abstaining from luxury \tn 
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 & - denial whilst still being part of society \tn 
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{\bf{Calling:}} & Any wealth made was put back into the businesses \tn 
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 & - combined with concept of asceticism \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Hinduism}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- ascetic} \tn 
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- other worldly & followers focus on spiritual world \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Confucianism}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- this worldly} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{not ascetic} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Evaluation \newline  \newline Marxism: Overestimates the role of ideas and underestimates \newline economic factors \newline  \newline Tawney: Technological changes caused capitalism \newline  \newline Capitalism didn't occur in every country where there was Calvinism}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{American civil rights movement: BRUCE}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Churches provided sanctuary and support} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Rituals and prayer united members} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Ideological resource: Provided beliefs and practices that protestors could use as support} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Taking the moral high ground: Pointed out the hypocrisy of the white clergy preaching 'Love thy neighbour'} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Channelling dissent: Religion provides channels for expressing political dissent} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Acting as the honest broker: Provide a context for negotiation as churches are often respected by both sides} \tn 
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% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Mobilising public opinion: Campaign for support across the whole country} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.18988 cm} x{2.78712 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The new Christian right: Bruce}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- protestant fundamentalist} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
- seeks to take USA back to God & divorce, homoseuxality and abortion illegal \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- believes in the nuclear family} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{*Why has it been unsuccessful?}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- moral majority = 15\%} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- found it hard to work with other issues over the same issues} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- strong opposition} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- comparison to American civil rights} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.59264 cm} x{3.38436 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{NEO MARXIST: Religion as a force for change}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Relative autonomy - independence from the economic base} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Religion can have dual character prompting change as well as stability} \tn 
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{\bf{MARX:}} 'The soul & 'the soul of the souless' \tn 
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 & 'the heart of the heartless world' \tn 
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{\bf{ENGELS:}} & religion inhibits change by disguising inequality but it can also challenge the status quo \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{BLOCH: the principle of hope}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- religion may inspire protest and revolution} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- religion is an expression of the principle of hope which shows images of utopia} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- utopian images show what needs changing} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Libreration theology}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Emerged in the Latin American Catholic church} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Commitment to the poor and opposition to dictators} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Due to increased poverty and human rights abuses} \tn 
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{\bf{Praxis:}} & practical action guided by theory \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Condemned by Pope John Paull II for being too Marxist} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Church continues to defend democracy} \tn 
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{\bf{Maduro:}} & an exmaple of religiously inspired social change \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The pentecostal challenge}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Lehmann}} explains why pentecostalism is now more popular among the poor in Latin America} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}