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% Document Info
\author{sunshine23}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (biochem-ch21.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (sunshine23)
  /Subject (BIOCHEM Ch21 Cheat Sheet)
}

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\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
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    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{BIOCHEM Ch21 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{sunshine23} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/71941/cs/18242/}}}
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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}sunshine23 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/sunshine23} \\
  \end{tabulary}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 12th December, 2018.\\
   Updated 12th December, 2018.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{BASES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sunshine23_1544562728_Screen Shot 2018-12-11 at 4.10.23 PM.png}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- PYRIMIDINE: single ring with two nitrogen atoms \newline - PURINE: two rings each with two nitrogen atoms.  \newline  \newline BASIC because the nitrogen atoms are H+ acceptors.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{BONDS}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sunshine23_1544639908_1514-1530020379880.png}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- PHOSPHODIESTER BOND: the bond between the 3' OH of a sugar (nucleotide) and a phosphate group attached to the 5' C of another sugar. \newline  \newline - HYDROGEN BOND: Weak, noncovalent linkages with favorable electrostatic interactions. \newline  \newline - N-GLYCOSIDIC BOND: In DNA, refers to the N-C linkage between the 9' N of purine bases or 1' N of pyrimidine bases and the 1' C of the sugar group.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{TYPES OF RNA}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sunshine23_1544641798_Screen Shot 2018-12-12 at 2.07.41 PM.png}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{There are 3 major types of RNA:  \newline - messenger RNA (mRNA - 5\%): carries genetic info copied from DNA to the ribosomes -{}-\textgreater{} TRANSCRIPTION phase. \newline  \newline - transfer RNA (tRNA - 15\%): translates the genetic info in mRNA into the AA  sequence for the protein -{}-\textgreater{} TRANSLATION phase. \newline  \newline -ribosomal RNA (rRNA - 80\%): most abundant type of RNA; combined with proteins to form ribosomes.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{RNA \& TRANSCRIPTION}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The three types of RNA differ by function in the cell:  \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- ribosomal RNA makes up most of the structure of the ribosomes,  \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
- messenger RNA carries genetic information from the DNA to the ribosomes \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
-transfer RNA places the correct amino acids in a growing peptide chain. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
TRANSCRIPTION is the process by which RNA polymerase produces mRNA from one strand of DNA. \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
- Transcription factors at the promoter region bind RNA polymerase to DNA, which activates the transcription of a gene. \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 3)
- The bases in the mRNA are complementary to the DNA, except A \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
in DNA is paired with U in RNA. \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
- The production of mRNA occurs when certain proteins are needed \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 2)
in the cell.% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genetic Code \& Protein Synthesis}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The genetic code consists of a series of codons (sequences of 3 bases that specify the order for the amino acids in a protein). \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
- AUG codons signals the start of transcription  \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
- codons UAG, UGA, and UAA signal it to stop the transcription. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
Proteins are synthesized at the ribosomes in a translation process that includes 3 steps: initiation, chain elongation, and termination. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3)
- During TRANSLATION, tRNAs bring the appropriate amino acids to the ribosome, and peptide bonds form to join the amino acids in a peptide chain. \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 3)
- When the polypeptide is released, it takes on its secondary and tertiary structures and becomes a functional protein in the cell.% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PYRAMIDINE \& PURINE BASES}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{DNA contains the bases A, G, C, and T \newline RNA contains A, G, C, and U.}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Base Pairs}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Image could not be loaded.} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-Template Strand (ANTI-SENSE): info that codes for genes; contains anti-codons. \newline  \newline -Coding Strand (SENSE): complementary to anti-sense; contains codons (decoded by tRNA, which interacts with ribosome-bound mRNA). \newline  \newline -mRNA: made from template strand; has the same info as coding strand except T is replaced by U.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PROTEIN SYNTHESIS}}  \tn
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{TYPES OF MUTATIONS}}  \tn
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- POINT MUTATION: the replacement of one base in the template strand of DNA with another, causing a change in AA. \newline  \newline - SILENT MUTATION: when a point mutation does not change the amino acid. \newline  \newline - DELETION MUTATION: a base is deleted from codon, changing all that follow and producing a different sequence of AA. \newline  \newline - INSERTION MUTATION: a base is inserted into the normal order of bases, changing all the codons that follow and producing a different sequence of AA.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sunshine23_1544644894_Screen Shot 2018-12-12 at 3.00.14 PM.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{In reverse transcription: \newline - a retrovirus, which contains viral RNA but no viral DNA, enters a cell. \newline - the viral RNA uses reverse transcriptase to produce a viral DNA strand. \newline - the viral DNA strand forms a complementary DNA strand. \newline - the new DNA uses the nucleotides and enzymes in the host cell to synthesize new virus particles.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{NUCLEOSIDES VS NUCLEOTIDES}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sunshine23_1544564244_Screen Shot 2018-12-11 at 4.30.45 PM.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{NucleoSide = Base + Sugar \newline NucleoTide = Base + Sugar + Phosphate group(s) \newline  \newline In nucleoside, the nitrogen atom of the base is connected by a b-N-glycosidic bond to the C1 of the sugar. \newline  \newline A nucleotide forms a phosphoester bond with the C5 OH group of the sugar.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{SUGAR BASES}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sunshine23_1544563499_Screen Shot 2018-12-11 at 4.22.01 PM.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Pentose sugars in Nucleic Acids \newline - RNA: ribose \newline - DNA: deoxyribose; no hydroxyl group in C2}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA REPLICATION}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sunshine23_1544641549_Screen Shot 2018-12-12 at 2.04.45 PM.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-helicase unwinds the parent DNA at several sections. \newline  \newline -DNA polymerase catalyzes the replication process at each of the open DNA sections called replication forks. \newline  \newline -polymerase moves in the 3′–5′direction, catalyzing the formation of new phosphodiester linkages. \newline  \newline -lagging strand (growing in the 5′–3′ direction) is synthesized in short sections called Okazaki fragments. \newline  \newline -DNA ligase joins the Okazaki fragments.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA Replication}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- During DNA replication, DNA polymerase makes new DNA strands along each of the original DNA strands that serve as templates. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
- Complementary base pairing ensures the correct pairing of bases to give identical copies of the original DNA.% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{RETRO VIRUS}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sunshine23_1544642355_Screen Shot 2018-12-12 at 2.17.56 PM.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{After a retrovirus injects its viral RNA into a cell, it forms a DNA strand by reverse transcription. The single-stranded DNA forms a double-stranded DNA called a provirus, which is incorporated into the host cell DNA. When the cell replicates, the provirus produces the viral RNA needed to produce more virus \newline particles.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
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