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\author{sunnyeve33}
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  /Title (chapter-11-innate-immunity.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (sunnyeve33)
  /Subject (Chapter 11: Innate immunity Cheat Sheet)
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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Chapter 11: Innate immunity Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{sunnyeve33} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/196378/cs/41255/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}sunnyeve33 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/sunnyeve33} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 11th November, 2023.\\
   Updated 11th November, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{4}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{p{0.3433 cm} p{0.3433 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Overview of Immune System}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{An immune response, coordinated by the immune system, aims to eliminate antigens through antibody generation.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{The immune system consists of innate and adaptive branches with common features:      Recognition of diverse pathogens     Elimination of identified invaders     Discrimination between self and foreign antigens} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Innate immunity is non-specific and ancient, found in all eukaryotic organisms.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Adaptive immunity, unique to vertebrates, matures over time, tailors responses, and exhibits memory.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Microbiota play a crucial role in shaping and regulating immune responses.} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fever}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Abnormally high body temperature induced by pyrogens.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Enhances antiviral effects, phagocyte efficiency, leukocyte production, limits pathogen growth, and promotes tissue repair.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Low-grade fever (37.5°C to 38.3°C) is protective; high fever (40.5°C) is life-threatening} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Blood Components and Leukocytes}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Blood Composition }}  -   Erythrocytes transport oxygen, platelets stem blood loss, leukocytes are crucial for the immune system.     Leukocytes: granulocytes (visible granules) and agranulocytes (lack granules).} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Leukocyte Activation}}   Activated leukocytes release molecules for diverse functions. These molecules have diverse functions, including recruiting other leukocytes, restricting pathogen growth, triggering fever, and stimulating inflammation} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Microbial Impact on Immunity}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Changes in normal microbiota can confuse the immune system, linked to allergies and autoimmune diseases.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Hygiene Hypothesis suggests reduced microbial diversity hinders immune responses.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mechanical and Chemical Barriers}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Mechanical barriers (e.g., skin, tears, urine) hinder pathogen entry. Chemical barriers combat invaders (e.g., lysozyme, stomach acidity)} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) like defensins target pathogens by inserting into cell membranes.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Plague}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Signs and Symptoms}}: Fever, chills, weakness, abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, bleeding, shock, tissue death.} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Plague Doctors}} Distinctive attire: beaked mask, cane, long coat, gloves, hat.     Protection against bacteria-laden secretions and aerosol droplets.} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Mortality}} Historical impact with devastating outbreaks (Plague of Justinian, Black Plague, Great Plague of London, Third Pandemic).} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of Leukocytes}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Neutrophils}}: Most abundant, engage in phagocytosis.     {\bf{Eosinophils}}: Combat parasitic infections and allergic responses.     {\bf{Basophils}}: Involved in allergic responses and combat parasitic infections.    {\bf{ Mast Cells}}: Release histamine, contribute to allergic responses and parasitic defense.    {\bf{ Monocytes}}: Mature into macrophages, involved in chronic infections, inflammation, autoimmune disorders, and cancers.     {\bf{Macrophages}}: Highly phagocytic, destroy a wide range of pathogens, serve as antigen-presenting cells.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Blood and Lymphatic System}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Blood delivers plasma to tissues, forming interstitial fluid} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Lymphatic system collects and filters lymph (fluid), screening for pathogens in lymph nodes} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Primary lymphoid tissues (thymus, bone marrow) produce and mature leukocytes.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Secondary lymphoid tissues (nodes, spleen, MALT) filter lymph} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Yersinia pestis and Immune System}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Infection Encounter}}  Yersinia pestis faces non-specific immune defenses and leukocytes.} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{{\bf{Evasion Strategies }} Counteracting defenses, reducing phagocytosis, producing a protective capsule, using injectosomes.     Plasmids generate proteins suppressing lymphocyte chemotaxis.} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Immune Evasion Strategies of Yersinia pestis}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Subverts macrophages, impairs inflammatory response, targets natural killer cells, produces proteases.} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Natural Killer Cells}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Abundant in the liver, provide innate protection against viruses, bacteria, parasites, and tumor cells.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Treatment and Mortality of the Plague}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Intravenous antibiotics (gentamicin, ciprofloxacin) recommended for Yersinia pestis.} \tn 
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Inflammatory Response}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Inflammation is essential for innate immunity and healing.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Three phases: vascular changes, leukocyte recruitment, resolution.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{3.833cm}}{Chronic inflammation exacerbates tissue injury and promotes diseases} \tn 
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

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