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% Document Info
\author{Konrad\_Z (StudentKZ)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (aqa-a-level-physics-wave-particle-duality.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Konrad\_Z (StudentKZ))
  /Subject (AQA A-level Physics: Wave-Particle Duality Cheat Sheet)
}

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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{AQA A-level Physics: Wave-Particle Duality Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Konrad\_Z (StudentKZ)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/188038/cs/42189/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Konrad\_Z (StudentKZ) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/studentkz} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 2nd February, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Newton's Corpuscles}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/studentkz_1706288449_download (6).png}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Newton's Corpuscular Theory of Light}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Newton theorised light was made up of particles called corpuscles.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Reflection caused by corpuscles colliding with surface and repulsive force pushing them back. Caused perpendicular component of velocity to change direction, the parallel component stays the same.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Refraction caused by corpuscles approaching denser medium. Short-range forces of attraction causes perpendicular component of velocity to increase, parallel component stays the same. Light bends towards normal.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{According to Newton's theory, light travels faster in denser mediums.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Huygen's Waves}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Huygen's Wave Theory of Light}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Huygen theorised light was a wave, every point on a wavefront is a point source to secondary wavelets which spread out to form next wavefronts. This is Huygen's principle.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Reflection caused by whole wavefront not reaching surface at once. Wavelets spread away from surface once they reach it and rejoin with others to form reflected wavefront.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Refraction caused by light entering more optically dense medium. This slows down light and makes it bend towards normal.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Newton's theory preferred over Huygen's because Newton had very high reputation at the time, diffraction had not yet been observed and the speed of light had not yet been measured.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Young's Double Slit Apparatus}}  \tn
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Young's Double Slit Experiment}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Coherent light shone through two slits so that it diffracts. Each slit is a coherent point source making a pattern of light and dark fringes.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Light fringes formed where light meets in phase and interferes constructively, occurs when path difference is a whole number of wavelengths.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Dark fringes formed where light meets completely out of phase and interferes destructively, occurs when path difference is a whole number plus half wavelengths.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{If Newton's theory was correct: Only two bright fringes corresponding to the two slits. Experiment demonstrated diffraction and interference, both properties only explained by Huygen's theory.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Even after experiment: Huygen's theory still wasn't accepted because Newton was a historical figure who scientists expected to be correct.} \tn 
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% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Newton's theory only disregarded after speed of light was measured in water, it was shown that light actually moves slower in denser substances contradicting the corpuscular theory.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Maxwell's equation for EM waves}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Electromagnetic waves: alternating magnetic (B) and electric (E) fields travelling in phase and at right angles to each other. Direction of wave travel perpendicular to oscillations} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Maxwell predicted EM waves existed: Theorised formula for their speed in a vaccum (c) before experiment evidence.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{c = 1 / sqrt(μ0ε0) \newline  \newline c = Speed of Light (3x10\textasciicircum{}8\textasciicircum{} ms\textasciicircum{}-1\textasciicircum{}) \newline μ0 = Permeability of free space (4πx10\textasciicircum{}-7\textasciicircum{} Hm\textasciicircum{}-1\textasciicircum{}) \newline ε0 = Permittivity of free space (8.85x10\textasciicircum{}-12\textasciicircum{} Fm\textasciicircum{}-1\textasciicircum{})}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hertz' Radio Wave experiment}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Hertz discovered radio waves by using apparatus to allow sparks to jump across a gap of air.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Dipole reciever detects electric field. Made by placing second set of charged plates parallel to those forming the voltage sparks.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Loop of wire with gap detects magnetic field as field enters loop causing change in magnetic flux inducing p.d causing spark to cross the gap in the wire.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Metal sheet in front apparatus, radio waves reflect back creating stationary waves. Use one of the detectors to find the distance between adjacent nodes to find the wavelength.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Wavelength multiplied by frequency of the waves to find speed of waves. Hertz's value same as Maxwell's therefore radio waves are EM waves.} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Rotating reciever: Plane of detector perpendicular to EM waves produced maximum value. Plane of detector parallel to EM waves produces minimum value and no signal detected. Therefore radio waves are polarised.} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}