\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article} % Packages \usepackage{fancyhdr} % For header and footer \usepackage{multicol} % Allows multicols in tables \usepackage{tabularx} % Intelligent column widths \usepackage{tabulary} % Used in header and footer \usepackage{hhline} % Border under tables \usepackage{graphicx} % For images \usepackage{xcolor} % For hex colours %\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc} % For unicode character support \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} % Without this we get weird character replacements \usepackage{colortbl} % For coloured tables \usepackage{setspace} % For line height \usepackage{lastpage} % Needed for total page number \usepackage{seqsplit} % Splits long words. %\usepackage{opensans} % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely. \usepackage[normalem]{ulem} % For underlining links % Most of the following are not required for the majority % of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support. \usepackage{amsmath} % Symbols \usepackage{MnSymbol} % Symbols \usepackage{wasysym} % Symbols %\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel} % Languages % Document Info \author{ssbrown71} \pdfinfo{ /Title (psychology-clep.pdf) /Creator (Cheatography) /Author (ssbrown71) /Subject (Psychology CLEP Cheat Sheet) } % Lengths and widths \addtolength{\textwidth}{6cm} \addtolength{\textheight}{-1cm} \addtolength{\hoffset}{-3cm} \addtolength{\voffset}{-2cm} \setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.2cm} % Space between columns \setlength{\headsep}{-12pt} % Reduce space between header and content \setlength{\headheight}{85pt} % If less, LaTeX automatically increases it \renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove footer line \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove header line \renewcommand{\seqinsert}{\ifmmode\allowbreak\else\-\fi} % Hyphens in seqsplit % This two commands together give roughly % the right line height in the tables \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3} \onehalfspacing % Commands \newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour \newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols \newcolumntype{x}[1]{>{\raggedright}p{#1}} % New column types for ragged-right paragraph columns \newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline} % Required as custom column type in use % Font and Colours \definecolor{HeadBackground}{HTML}{333333} \definecolor{FootBackground}{HTML}{666666} \definecolor{TextColor}{HTML}{333333} \definecolor{DarkBackground}{HTML}{695C68} \definecolor{LightBackground}{HTML}{F5F4F5} \renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault} \color{TextColor} % Header and Footer \pagestyle{fancy} \fancyhead{} % Set header to blank \fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank \fancyhead[L]{ \noindent \begin{multicols}{3} \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \vspace{-7pt} {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}} } \end{tabulary} \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L} \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Psychology CLEP Cheat Sheet}}}} \\ \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{ssbrown71} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/131582/cs/26470/}}} \end{tabulary} \end{multicols}} \fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize \noindent \begin{multicols}{3} \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}} \\ \vspace{-2pt}ssbrown71 \\ \uline{cheatography.com/ssbrown71} \\ \end{tabulary} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}} \\ \vspace{-2pt}Published 9th February, 2021.\\ Updated 9th February, 2021.\\ Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}. \end{tabulary} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}} \\ \SetRowColor{white} \vspace{-5pt} %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg} Measure your website readability!\\ www.readability-score.com \end{tabulary} \end{multicols}} \begin{document} \raggedright \raggedcolumns % Set font size to small. Switch to any value % from this page to resize cheat sheet text: % www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html \footnotesize % Small font. \begin{multicols*}{2} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Willhelm Wundt}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-Struct​uralist \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) -Known as the "father of experimental psychology" \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2) -Founder of the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879% Row Count 5 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{William James}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-Functionalist \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) -Conscience and behavior helped people and animals adjust to the environment. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2) -Father of modern Psychology% Row Count 4 (+ 1) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Research Methods}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-inde​pendent variable - cause \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) -expe​rim​ental group - exposed to cause \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1) -control group - not exposed to cause \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1) -depe​ndent variable - effect (measures how subjects behave) \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2) -blind study - subjects don't know if they get drug or placebo \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2) -doub​le-​blind study - subjects \& resear​chers don't know who gets drug/p​lacebo \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2) -corr​elation coeffi​cient - describes strength of relati​onship% Row Count 11 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Struct​ura​lists}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-Wilhelm Wundt, Edward Titchener \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) -Wanted to discover form of mental experi​ence. Intr​osp​ect​ion reporting own conscious thoughts and feelings \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 3) -Uses the method of introspection to identify the basic elements or "structures" of psychological experience% Row Count 7 (+ 3) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Brain Organization}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ssbrown71_1612539438_sparkledaisy_1437065984_brain2.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-Cerebral cortex (outer cover) - motor, cognitive, sensory processes \newline \newline -Frontal Lobes - coordinating movement in higher level thinking (planning \& predicting consequences \newline of behaviors) \newline \newline - Wernicke's area = language comprehension \newline - Broca's area = speech production \newline \newline -Parietal lobes - top of head, behind frontal lobes = touch, hands/feet \newline \newline -Temporal lobes - above parietal, sides of ears = hearing \newline \newline -Occipital lobes - base of skull in back = vision (ocular)} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Brain Power}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ssbrown71_1612551508_brain-power-diet-644x667.jpg}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{A {\bf{motor homunculus}} represents a map of brain areas dedicated to motor processing for different anatomical divisions of the body. \newline \newline A {\bf{sensory homunculus}} represents a map of brain areas dedicated to sensory processing for different anatomical divisions of the body.} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Biological Approach}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-believes us to be as a consequence of our genetics and physiology \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) -only approach that examines thoughts, feelings, and behaviors from a biological (physical) point of view \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3) -all thoughts, feeling \& behavior ultimately have a biological cause% Row Count 7 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Psychodynamic Approach}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-all human functioning is based upon the interaction of drives and forces within the person \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) -Example...Nail biting may be caused by an anxiety inducing childhood event.% Row Count 4 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sleep Disorders}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-Insomnia - recurring difficulty falling asleep. \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) -Narcolepsy - sudden and uncontrollable attacks of sleep during waking hours. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2) -Sleep Apnea - stop breathing during sleep which wakes them long enough to breathe. This can occur 100's of times a night% Row Count 6 (+ 3) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Gestalt}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-theory of mind of the Berlin School of experimental psychology. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) -Gestalt psychology tries to understand the laws of our ability to acquire and maintain meaningful \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2) perceptions in an apparently chaotic world. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1) -Roots in theories by Hume, Goethe, Kant. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1) -Max Wertheimer's unique contribution was to insist that the "gestalt" is perceptually primary, defining \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3) the parts it was composed from, rather than being a secondary quality that emerges from those parts.% Row Count 12 (+ 3) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Perceptual Set}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-A predisposition to perceive things in a certain way. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) -We often tend to notice only certain aspects of an object or situation while ignoring other details. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3) -Crying baby girl - weak \& scared \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1) -Crying baby boy - strong and mad \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1) -Expect the mail man and hear noises but he is not there.% Row Count 9 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Freud - Defense Mechanisms}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-{\bf{regression}} returning to earlier way of behaving (adult throwing temper tantrum) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) -{\bf{rationalization}} attempts to justify irrational behavior with rational arguments \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2) -{\bf{projection}} attributing characteristics you don't like in yourself to other people \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2) -{\bf{reaction}} formation involve doing opposite of what you really want to do \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2) -{\bf{Sublimation}} channeling of impulses or energies regarded as unacceptable, especially sexual desires, toward activities regarded as more socially acceptable, often creative activities \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 4) -{\bf{displacement}} anger is directed elsewhere not necessarily socially acceptably (kick the dog instead of your boss)% Row Count 15 (+ 3) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Humanistic Approach}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-People aren't merely machines with determined behaviors. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) -People are motivated by desire for optimal growth and development \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2) self-actualization. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1) -All have unique desires/skills/needs. Must be able to express them. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2) -People basically good, focus on positive aspects of development.% Row Count 9 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Naturalistic Observation}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-Naturalistic observation is a research method in which people or other subjects are observed in their natural setting. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3) -Psychologists and other social scientists use naturalistic observation to study specific social or cultural settings that couldn't be investigated in other ways, such as prisons, bars, and hospitals.% Row Count 7 (+ 4) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Theories of Emotions}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ssbrown71_1612793778_CNX_Psych_10_04_Theories.jpg}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Theories of Emotion}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{James-Lange Theory}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) -Stimulating events trigger a physical reaction. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1) -You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens. Due to these physiological changes your body prepares for a fearful situation. You then experience fear. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 6) {\bf{Cannon-Bard Theory}} \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1) -Stimulating events trigger feelings and physical reactions that occur at the same time. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2) -You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens. At the same time as these physiological changes occur you also experience the emotion of fear. \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 6) {\bf{Schachter-Singer (Two-Factor) Theory}} \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1) -Two factors are needed to experience emotion. First, environmental stimuli elicits a physiological response. Second, we cognitively appraise this physiological activity, and try to give it the correct label. \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 5) -You are walking down a dark alley late at night.You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens. Upon noticing this arousal you realize that is comes from the fact that you are walking down a dark alley by yourself. This behavior is dangerous and therefore you feel the emotion of fear. \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 7) } \tn \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Theories of Emotion (cont)}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Lazarus' Cognitive-Mediational Theory}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) -A thought must come before any emotion or physiological arousal. In other words, you must first think about your situation before you can experience an emotion. the stimulus leads to a personal meaning derived from cognition, leading to both arousal and the emotion. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 6) -The sound of a gunshot, for example, is interpreted as something potentially dangerous and leads to both physiological responses, like a rapid heart rate and trembling, and the subjective experience of fear. \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 5) -You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens. Upon noticing this arousal you realize that is comes from the fact that you are walking down a dark alley by yourself. This behavior is dangerous and therefore you feel the emotion of fear.% Row Count 19 (+ 7) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Eye}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ssbrown71_1612794384_sparkledaisy_1436805312_eye.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{How the Eye Works}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-two photoreceptors in retina, rods \& cones - change physical light energy into neural messages (transduction) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3) -The rods more numerous, (120 million), \& more sensitive than cones. But they're not sensitive to color. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3) -The 6 to 7 million cones provide eye's color sensitivity. They're more concentrated in the central yellow spot (macula). In the center of that region is the "fovea centralis ", a 0.3 mm diameter rod-free area with very thin, densely packed cones.% Row Count 12 (+ 6) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Parts of the Eye}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-iris - controls pupil size and amount of light \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) -optic nerve - eye signals to brain \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1) -retina - light sensitive inner eye surface \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1) -lens - between pupil and retina, focuses light% Row Count 4 (+ 1) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Stages of Memory}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ssbrown71_1612796828_Stages of Memory.jpg}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Encoding}} \newline Convert so it can be stored. \newline three ways information can be encoded: \newline -Visual (picture) \newline -Acoustic (sound) \newline -Semantic (meaning) \newline \newline {\bf{Storage}} \newline -where it's stored \newline -how long it lasts for \newline -how much can be stored \newline -what kind of information is held \newline -short term (STM) \newline -long term (LTM) \newline \newline {\bf{Retrieval}} \newline -STM is stored and retrieved sequentially \newline -LTM is stored and retrieved by association} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cognitive Approach}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-The mind actively processes information from our senses (touch, taste etc.). \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) -Between stimulus and response are complex mental processes, which can be studied scientifically. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2) -Humans can be seen as data processing systems. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1) -The workings of a computer and the human mind are alike – they encode and store information, and they have outputs.% Row Count 8 (+ 3) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Jean Piaget}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Stages of Cognitive Development}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) -Sensorimotor stage: birth to 2 years \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1) -can't differentiate self from environment \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1) -Preoperational stage: ages 2 to 7 \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1) -table world, language, symbols, fantasy/reality, object permanence, no logical reasoning, lack conservation, egocentric \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3) -Concrete operational stage: ages 7 to 11 \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1) -logic rules, concrete, cause/effect, role taking \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2) -Formal operational stage: ages 12 and up \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1) -logic of science, abstract thinking, metaphors% Row Count 12 (+ 1) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Noam Chomsky}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/JiTz2i4VHFw} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Language development - children have language acquisition device - universal built in mental system that steers us toward interpreting and using language in particular ways.} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Young-Helmholte Theory}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/9hBfnXACsOI&feature} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Theory of Color Vision - the sensation of any color can be achieved by the superposition of pure red, green and blue colors} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Motivation}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Arousal Theory}} A theory of motivation suggesting that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of alertness and physical and mental activation. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4) {\bf{Instinct Theory}} all organisms are born with innate biological tendencies to help them survive. All behaviors are driven by instincts (goal-directed and innate patterns of behavior that are not the result of learning or experience). (babies root) \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 6) {\bf{Drive Reduction Theory }}physiological need creates an aroused tension state (drive) motivating fulfillment of the need -{}- homeostasis \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 4) {\bf{Theory X}} type X individuals are inherently lazy and unhappy with their jobs. Therefore, an authoritarian management style is required to ensure fulfillment of the individuals' objectives. \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 5) {\bf{Theory Y}} managers assume employees can be ambitious, self-motivated and exercise self-control. Employees enjoy their mental and physical work duties and for them, work is as natural as play% Row Count 23 (+ 4) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of Studies}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-Correlational \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) -seeks to figure out if two or more variables are related and in what way. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2) -Is smoking associated with Alzheimer's disease? \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1) -Descriptive \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1) -do not test specific relationships between variables, non-experimental \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2) -survey \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1) -Naturalistic \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1) -observes and records behavior in its natural setting while interfering as little as possible with the subjects or behavior \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 3) -Quasi-Experiment \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1) -subjects are assigned to groups based on non-random criteria \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2) -Clinical \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1) -separate groups (experimental and control) \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1) -experimental receives treatment and control does not (placebo)% Row Count 19 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Drive}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ssbrown71_1612879888_sparkledaisy_1437431971_drive.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Drive - disrupts homeostasis \newline \newline Instinct - complex behavior, unlearned, same throughout species (baby smiles when eating sweets) \newline \newline drive reduction theory - physiological need creates an aroused tension state (drive) motivating fulfillment of the need -{}- homeostasis} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Interval Reinforcement}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ssbrown71_1612880004_sparkledaisy_1436905219_schedule.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{reinforcements after a response at end of a given time period \newline \newline variable interval schedule time between reinforcements changes \newline \newline fixed interval schedule occur on the same day each week \newline \newline ratio schedules partial reinforcement schedules (reinforcement delivered based on the number of correct responses). \newline \newline fixed ratio schedule correct number of responses required remains the same \newline \newline variable ratio schedule number of required responses changes} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Edward Thorndike}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/fanm--WyQJo} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Thorndike studied instrumental conditioning, which involves an increase in the probability of a response occurring as a result of a positive outcome. This type of learning would come to be called operant conditioning by B.F. Skinner. \newline \newline Law of Effect behavior changes because of consequences} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ssbrown71_1612882847_sparkledaisy_1436805825_need.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Reciprocity Norm}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/ofxxvc1KPa8} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{We feel obligated to help those who have helped us. \newline \newline The kin-selection hypothesis is one explanation.} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY - Aggression \& Altruism}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Aggression}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) frustration-aggression hypothesis aggression is always product of frustration and frustration leads to aggression (wrong, sometimes frustration= cry) \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 4) more testosterone = more aggression \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1) aggressive cues - guns, knives, black clothing = higher levels of aggression among provoked people = weapons effect \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3) {\bf{Altruism}} \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1) Kitty Genovese - raped and murdered 1964 in front of 38 witnesses who did not help (bystander effect) \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 3) social-exchange theory = maximize rewards minimize costs (minimax principle) \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2) Encourage helping behavior: social responsibility norm help people who need it \& reciprocity norm help people who help us. kin selection hypothesis helping family leads to our genes passed on% Row Count 19 (+ 4) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THERAPY - Biological Medical Approach}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Rely on drugs or surgery. Alter the way brain functions \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) Depression - low serotonin neurotransmitter \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1) Anti-depressants (Prozac, Pail, Zoloft) prevent re-uptake of serotonin (SSRI) result in elevated mood \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3) Anti-anxiety drugs (Librium, Valium) reduce arousal, depress activity in CNS \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2) Anti-psychotics (Clozapine, Thorazine) treat symptoms of schizophrenia. block operation of neurotransmitter dopamine \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 3) Barbiturates (tranquilizer) (opiate) \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1) Opiates - opium, decreases nervous system, addictive, side effects% Row Count 14 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PERSONALITY - Humanistic}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ssbrown71_1612886794_sparkledaisy_1435348168_personality.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{People basically good \newline \newline Carl Rogers "Self Theory" - person centered \newline true self - talents, thoughts, desires, feelings \newline self concept - what we think we are like \newline ideal self - what we think we would like to be \newline \newline self actualization - accept who you are \newline conditions of worth - hinder self actualization \newline \newline Self Esteem literature \newline \newline Maslow rejected standard tests and measured self concept through therapy and questionaires.} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ssbrown71_1612888143_sparkledaisy_1435279519_Kohlberg's 6 Stages.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{3 stages of moral development \newline 1. Pre-moral a. Obedience v.s. development \newline \newline 2. Conventional c. good boy, girl-boys and girls are good so they are seen as being a good person. d. law and social order start \newline \newline 3. Post-conventional e. Social Contract f. universal ethical principle} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Functionalism}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-Functionalists focus on the purpose of behavior \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) -An example of functionalism is describing an apple. An apple is provides vitamins to keep you healthy. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3) -How mental experiences were adaptive \& functional for people. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2) -Believed consciousness and behavior in general, helped people/animals adjust to environments. \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 3) -William James, John Dewey, Harvey Carr, John Angell% Row Count 12 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Consciousness}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Consciousness is a state of being aware and reflecting on the environment around us, not simply reacting to it} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 3) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Circadian Rhythm}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{The internal process that regulates the sleep-wake cycle and repeats on each rotation of the Earth roughly every 24 hours.} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 3) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Brain}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ssbrown71_1612536303_sparkledaisy_1435063373_brain.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-Brainstem (Medulla) - breathing \& heartbeat \newline \newline -Reticular formation - arousal, sleep, filters stimuli \newline -Cerebellum - voluntary movement \newline \newline -Limbic System (Hippo HAT) \newline - HIPPOc​ampus - memory \newline - Hypoth​alamus - hunger, thirst, sexual behavior \newline - pituitary gland - hormones \newline \newline - Amygdala - fear, anger \newline \newline - Thalamus - touch, taste, sight, hear} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Associative Learning}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ssbrown71_1612538832_download.jpeg}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-Subject links together certain events, behavior, stimuli in process of conditioning. \newline \newline -Classical Conditioning \newline \newline -Operant Conditioning \newline \newline -Observational Learning} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Behaviorist}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-learned responses to predictable patterns of environmental stimuli \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) -Pavlov (classical conditioning) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1) -Skinner (operant conditioning) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1) -study animals to apply to humans% Row Count 5 (+ 1) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Operant Conditioning}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ssbrown71_1612538060_Screen Shot 2021-02-05 at 10.14.05 AM.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-B.F. Skinner \newline \newline -A method of learning that employs rewards and punishments for behavior.} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Classical Conditioning}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ssbrown71_1612538281_download.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-Pavlov \newline -Learning through association \newline -Ring the bell dog salivates} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Observational Learning}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-The process of learning by watching the behaviors of others. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) -The targeted behavior is watched, memorized, and then mimicked. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2) -Also known as shaping and modeling, observational learning is most common in children as they imitate behaviors of adults.% Row Count 7 (+ 3) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Freud}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-1886 specialized in nervous disorders (talking cure) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) -ID - pleasure principle (immediate gratification, impulsive) (devil) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2) -EGO - reality principle (mediates between id \& superego) (self) \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2) -SUPEREGO - morality principle (social part, get along with others) (angel) \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2) -Phobia - cause when you want something you can't have% Row Count 10 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Freud - Psychosexual Stages}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ssbrown71_1612555330_Screen Shot 2021-02-05 at 3.01.57 PM.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-Freud proposed that personality development in childhood takes place during five psychosexual stages. \newline -Oral (Birth-1yr) \newline -Anal (1-3yr) \newline -Phallic (3-6yr) \newline -Latency (6yr-pubuerty) \newline -Genital (puberty adult) \newline \newline -Oedipus Complex \newline -Phallic Stage \newline -children experience an unconscious feeling of desire for their opposite-sex parent and jealousy and envy toward their same-sex parent.} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sensation \& Perception}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-Sensation \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) -Bottom up (vision, hearing, smell) receive and relay outside information to the brain \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2) -Perception \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1) -Top Down brain interprets \& organizes that information% Row Count 6 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Signal Detection Theory}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-The ability to notice stimulus varies with psychological factors including motivation, past experience, expectations \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3) -Assumes that there is "noise" in any system. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1) -If we have an old car, we may hear clunks even when the car is operating effectively, \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2) -The signal is what you are trying to detect.% Row Count 7 (+ 1) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Limbic System}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-Sometimes called the "emotional brain" because it plays a primary role in range of emotions, \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) including pain, pleasure, docility, affection and anger. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2) -The limbic system is made up of the hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala and hippocampus. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2) -Picture a HIPPOpotamus wearing a HAT. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1) (HIPPOcampus, Hypothalamus, Amygdala and Thalamus)% Row Count 9 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Thalamus}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-Functions as a sensory relay station \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) -see, hear, taste and touch% Row Count 2 (+ 1) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Amygdala}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-Sometimes called the aggression center. \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) -If you stimulate the amygdala, you can produce feelings of anger and violence, fear and anxiety. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2) -If you damage your amygdala, it can cause a mellowing effect. That is why benzodiazepine is used to \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3) control anxiety attack. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1) -Kluver-Bucy syndrome is where there is a bilateral (both) destruction of the amygdala that can cause \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 3) hyperorality (put things in your mouth alot), hypersexuality, disinhibited behavior (ignore social \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 3) conventions, do dangerous reckless things).% Row Count 14 (+ 1) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hippocampus}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-Its main function is to form long term memories. \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) -Converts short term memory to long term memory. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1) -Thinking back on memories can evoke all kinds of \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2) emotions.% Row Count 5 (+ 1) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hypothalamus (hypo - below)}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-Plays a role in regulating the autonomic nervous system (ANS) that relates to emotions. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) -Controls the endocrine system, by triggering the release of hormones into your bloodstream. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2) epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2) -Controls the 'flight or fight' vs. 'rest and digest' responses.% Row Count 8 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{John B Watson}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-Behaviorist \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) -Established the psychological school of behaviorism \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2) -Conducted research on animal behavior, child rearing, and advertising% Row Count 5 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Neurons}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-Afferent neurons are sensory neurons that carry nerve impulses from sensory stimuli towards the \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) central nervous system and brain. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1) -Efferent neurons are motor neurons that carry neural impulses away from the central nervous system and towards muscles to cause movement. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3) -Interneurons do not have motor or sensory functions; they just act to pass on information. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2) -Glia - neuronal glue that holds neurons together and provide nutrients. \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2) -Neurotransmitters are chemical substances made by the neuron specifically to transmit a message. \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 3) -Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit a signal from a neuron across the synapse \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 3) to a target cell, which can be a different neuron, myocyte, or gland cell. \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 2) -The resting membrane potential of a neuron is about -70 mV (mV=millivolt)% Row Count 20 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sleep}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{When awake the brain produces alpha waves which are relatively slow \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) {\bf{Stage 1}} \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1) breathing slows with irregular, erratic brain waves. alpha waves cease and are replaced with theta waves \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3) {\bf{Stage 2}} \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1) deeper relaxation/occasional bursts of rhythmic waves "sleep spindles" and K-complexes \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 3) {\bf{Stage 3}} \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1) large slow delta waves. transition to Stage 4 \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1) {\bf{Stage 4}} \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1) stronger more consistent delta waves. These last 2 stages are referred to as slow-wave sleep \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2) {\bf{REM}} \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1) Sleep dreams% Row Count 17 (+ 1) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Dreams Theories}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Freud}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) -dreams manifest content of latent desires. Disguising the wish dreamer avoids anxiety. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2) {\bf{Activation Synthesis Theory}} \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1) -dreams don't actually mean anything \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1) -merely electrical brain impulses that pull random thoughts and imagery from our memories \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2) {\bf{Threat-Simulation Theory}} \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1) -dreams simulate potential threatening events in order to prepare us for actual life threatening situations. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 3) {\bf{Information processing}} \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1) -way to consolidate information, sort thru day's events \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2) {\bf{Continual-Activation Theory}} \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1) -{}-During REM sleep, the unconscious part of the brain is busy processing procedural memory. \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2) {\bf{Physiological Functions}} \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1) -dreams stimulate the brain which may help build neural connections \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 2) {\bf{Manifest content}} is the actual content, or storyline, of a dream. \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 2) {\bf{Latent content}} refers to the hidden meaning of a dream.% Row Count 24 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Perception}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{-Gestalt (German for "a whole" or "form") Psychologists were among the first to study how the brain \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3) makes things from fragments of sensations. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1) -Depth perception \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1) -both eyes work together to gather Binocular cues, which use the space between the eyes (retinal \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2) disparity) and how much the eyes turn inwards, towards the nose (convergence) to roughly estimate \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 3) distance. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1) -Monocular cues (one eye) \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1) -Linear perspective \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1) -parallel lines appear to converge \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1) -Motion parallax \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1) -refers to apparent movement of stable objects as we move. \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2) -Perceptual sets \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1) -predispositions to perceive one thing and not another will affect the way reality is viewed% Row Count 20 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sensation}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Psychophisics - the relationships between physical stimuli and mental phenomena \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) Absolute Threshold - the intensity needed for stimulus to be detected 50\% of the time it is presented \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3) Just Noticeable Difference (JND) or the difference threshold - minimum stimulation required for detection. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3) Weber's Law - Difference is harder to detect in more intense stimuli. \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2) Sensory adaptation - prolonged exposure to an unchanging stimulus causes nerves to fire less and detection diminishes.% Row Count 13 (+ 3) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Theories of Intelligence}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/-hMhpB8ikR8} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Weber's Law}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/oWpRKJPCI7M} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Psychological Disorders}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Anxiety - dread, fear, terror \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) - Generalized - persistent but don't know source, sweaty palms, shake, nail bite \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2) - Panic - sudden onset episodes \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1) - OCD - thoughts \& behavior \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1) Mood - depression, mania or both \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1) - Major - 2 weeks of sadness, hopeless, discouragement \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2) - Bipolar \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1) Dissociative - fragmented personality \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1) - Amnesia - can't remember personal info \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1) - Fugue - leaves work, confused, assumes new identity \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2) - Identity Disorder (multiple personality) \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1) Schizophrenia - hallucinations, delusions \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2) - Paranoid - believe famous, delusions of grandeur or persecution \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 2) - Disorganized - disorganized speech, inappropriate behavior \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 2) - Catatonic - odd motor activity, echopraxia, echolalia \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 2) Somatoform - physical symptoms can't be explained medically \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 2) - Conversion - impaired motor/sensory function \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1) - Hypochondria \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 1) Personality - behavior inconsistent to culture \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 2) - Paranoid - suspicious, distrustful (not delusional) \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 2) } \tn \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Psychological Disorders (cont)}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- Antisocial - impulsive, no conscience \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) - Borderline - relationship/self image problems \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2) - Narcissistic - needs admiration% Row Count 4 (+ 1) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Erikson's 8 Stages of Development}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{1. Nurturing = trust vs mistrust (baby-1yr) \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) 2. Autonomy vs shame doubt (toddler-2 yr) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1) 3. initiative vs guilt (preschool 3-5 yrs) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1) 4. industrious vs inferior (6-12 yrs) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1) 5. identity vs role confusion (12-18) \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1) 6. intimacy vs isolation (18-40) \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1) 7. generativity vs stagnation (40-65) \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1) 8. integrity vs despair (65 \& up)% Row Count 8 (+ 1) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sensory Adaptation \& Habituation}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/PnKSA6fGp6w} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Sensory Adaptation}} - neural receptors reduce sensitivity to continual stimulus (ie - adapt hot/cold water after brief time, eyes adjust dark room (cones 10 min, rods 30), smell own house) \newline \newline {\bf{Habituation}} - decreased response to stimulus after repeated behavior, used to elicit stronger response (alcohol 1st drink vs alcoholic taking a drink, favorite food, living near train track) \newline \newline {\bf{sensitization}} repeated intense stimulus increases response to weaker} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Psychological Disorders}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/wuhJ-GkRRQc} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Medical - caused by biological reasons (injury, genetics, drugs) \newline \newline Psychoanalytic - childhood conflicts, unconscious, misdirected anger \newline \newline Cognitive - patterns of thinking are abnormal, success because of others (luck, generous), fail because of self (stupid, no talent) \newline \newline Learn/Behavior - problem behavior is the problem, some type of classical conditioning or reinforcement has occurred for behavior to continue} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Whorfian Hypothesis}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{ Video: http://vimeo.com/42744105} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{a theory in linguistics: one's language determines one's conception of the world \newline \newline The strong version says that language determines thought, and that linguistic categories limit and determine cognitive categories, whereas the weak version says only that linguistic categories and usage influence thought and certain kinds of non-linguistic behavior.} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Helping Behaviors}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ssbrown71_1612885168_sparkledaisy_1436910628_help.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Social Exchange Theory human relationships are formed by the use of a subjective cost-benefit analysis and the comparison of alternatives \newline \newline Social Responsibility norm obligation to act for the benefit of society at large \newline \newline Bystander effect in a crowd, no one helps} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Rorschach}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ssbrown71_1612881572_sparkledaisy_1437012401_ink.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Ink Blot tests. Schizophrenics were found to answer questions about ink blot cards very differently than most people.} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Yerkes-Dodson Law}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/8CA6Di3ix0k} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{moderate levels of arousal lead to optimal performance} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Frustration Aggression Hypothesis}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/oe8PJ8rVV0M} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Frustration produces a readiness for aggression if triggered} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sensory Memory}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ssbrown71_1612879806_sparkledaisy_1437072347_memory2.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{implicit (procedural) - being aware of how to do something without consciously know how \newline \newline explicit (declarative) - being aware of what you know \newline \newline iconic - brief photographic memory of an image \newline \newline echoic - brief memory of an auditory stimulus \newline \newline flashbulb - vivid memories of emotionally charged events} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Reinforcement}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Something that feels good is reinforcement (not punishment) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) Positive reinforcement - stimulus \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1) a) presented \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1) b) desirable \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1) = feels good \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1) (earn \$1.00 for every magazine sold = sell more magazines) \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2) negative reinforcement - stimulus \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1) a) REMOVED \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1) b) desirable \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1) = feels good \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1) (take aspirin to remove headache) \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1) interval schedule - odds of reinforcement go up with passage of time \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2) ratio schedule - odds of reinforcement go up depending on how many responses are made \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2) variable ratio - number of responses needed vary from one win to the next% Row Count 19 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} % That's all folks \end{multicols*} \end{document}