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  /Title (1-4-neurotransmitters-their-effect-on-behaviour.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Sruby)
  /Subject (1.4 Neurotransmitters + their effect on behaviour Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{1.4 Neurotransmitters + their effect on behaviour Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Sruby} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/158326/cs/33428/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Sruby \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/sruby} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 23rd November, 2022.\\
   Updated 28th July, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.59264 cm} x{3.38436 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Antonova (2011)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
% Row 1
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{\bf{Aim:}} & wanted to see if scopolamine affected hippocampal activity in the creation of spatial memory. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Procedure}}} \tn 
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- & 20 healthy male adults (mean age 28). were injected with either Scopolamine or a placebo \tn 
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- & Pts were put into an fMRI  and scanned whilst playing the "Arena task." A virtual reality game where the goal was to navigate around an "arena" to reach a pole. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 6)
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- & After learning where the pole was located, the pts were told to actively rehearse how to get to the pole in the arena. \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 5)
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- & {\bf{Repeated measures design}} - pts returned 3/4 weeks later and redid the test - receiving the opposite treatment \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 5)
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{\bf{Research method}} & Experiment \tn 
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{\bf{IVs}} & Scopolamine/Placebo \tn 
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{\bf{DV}} & fMRI - Brain activity \tn 
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{\bf{Antagonist}} & Scopolamine \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Antonova (2011) (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{Agonist}} & Acetylcholine \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Findings}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{1) When pts were injected with scopolamine, they demonstrated a {\bf{significant reduction in the activation of the hippocampus}} compared to when they received a placebo.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{2) They were also {\bf{more accurate in the placebo group}}.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Counter-argument: Kulkofsky}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Neuron}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Neurons are cells within the nervous system that transmit information to other nerve cells, muscle, or gland cells. Most neurons have a cell body, an axon, and dendrites.}}}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Explain synaptic transmission}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Synaptic transmission is the {\bf{biological process by which a neuron communicates with a target cell across a synapse.}} Chemical synaptic transmission {\bf{involves the release of a neurotransmitter from the pre-synaptic neuron, and neurotransmitter binding to specific post-synaptic receptors.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Excitatory + Inhibitory}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Neurotransmitters have either an {\bf{excitatory}} or {\bf{Inhibitory}} effect of the neighboring neuron.} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{= Excitatory neurotransmitters are released into an excitatory synapse causing a neuron to fire, leading to an action potential, this produces stimulating effects on the brain.} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{E.g E.g. Acetylcholine when in excitation it makes the receiving neuron {\bf{positively}} charged and more likely to fire and is thought to be involved in the process of memory consolidation.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Neurotransmitter}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Neurotransmitters are electrochemical messages that result in a vast array of behaviours. The effects of Neurotransmitters can be amplified or reduced.  \newline  \newline *Human behaviour is highly complex, thus trying to determine cause and effect is difficult to prove.}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Neurotransmission}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sruby_1659028879_synapse.jpeg}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Describe Neurotransmission}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Neurotransmission}} is the process of nerve cell communication. The neurons that are interconnected communicate with each other by releasing chemicals called {\bf{neurotransmitters}} into small gaps between the two nerve cells call the {\bf{synapse}} gap (see above).  \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 6)
The process of {\bf{electrochemical}} transmission starts in the {\bf{dendrites}} that branch out from the cell body and these receive {\emph{incoming impulses}} from neighboring {\bf{neurons}}. \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 4)
The impulse passes down the axon as {\bf{action potential}}, down to the {\bf{terminal}} buttons, containing synaptic {\bf{vesicles}} (tiny sacs) filled with {\emph{neurotransmitters}} which are released into the synapse.  \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 5)
A {\emph{released}} neurotransmitter is available for the synapse gap for a short amount of time during which it may be {\bf{destroyed}}, pulled back into the {\bf{presynaptic axon terminal}} through {\bf{reuptake (reabsorption)}}, or reach the {\bf{postsynaptic}} membrane and bind to one of the receptors on its surface.  \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 7)
If the neurotransmitter bind onto the receptor on the postsynaptic neuron, this process changes the membrane potential and so contributes to activating an {\bf{electrical}} pulse in the postsynaptic neuron. Here the chemical mechanism becomes electrical again.% Row Count 28 (+ 6)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Conclusions (Antonova (2011)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{It appears that acetylcholine may play an important role in memory consolidation - {\bf{why do you think this?}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Because}}the hippocampus was activated - so what??} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{It was demonstrated that neurotransmitters themselves can be affected by other chemicals - {\bf{why?}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Because}} drugs interfere with the way neurons send, receive, and process signals via neurotransmitters.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{= Some drugs, such as marijuana and heroin, can activate neurons because their chemical structure mimics that of a natural neurotransmitter in the body. This allows the drugs to attach onto and activate the neurons.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Antagonist}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Is a substance that {\bf{fits}} into a receptor site on the postsynaptic neuron, {\bf{preventing the neuron from firing}} by blocking access to it.% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Agonist}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Looks like the neurotransmitter and fits in the receptor site but it {\bf{amplifies the behaviour}}. The reaction can be {\bf{excitatory or inhibitory}}.  \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
= Drugs are exogenous agonists.  \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
= Neurotransmitters are endogenous agonists.% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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% That's all folks
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