\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}

% Packages
\usepackage{fancyhdr}           % For header and footer
\usepackage{multicol}           % Allows multicols in tables
\usepackage{tabularx}           % Intelligent column widths
\usepackage{tabulary}           % Used in header and footer
\usepackage{hhline}             % Border under tables
\usepackage{graphicx}           % For images
\usepackage{xcolor}             % For hex colours
%\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}    % For unicode character support
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}        % Without this we get weird character replacements
\usepackage{colortbl}           % For coloured tables
\usepackage{setspace}           % For line height
\usepackage{lastpage}           % Needed for total page number
\usepackage{seqsplit}           % Splits long words.
%\usepackage{opensans}          % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely.
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}     % For underlining links
% Most of the following are not required for the majority
% of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support.
\usepackage{amsmath}            % Symbols
\usepackage{MnSymbol}           % Symbols
\usepackage{wasysym}            % Symbols
%\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel}              % Languages

% Document Info
\author{srinivas.ram}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (python-list-dictionaries-tuple-string-methods.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (srinivas.ram)
  /Subject (Python List, dictionaries, tuple, string methods Cheat Sheet)
}

% Lengths and widths
\addtolength{\textwidth}{6cm}
\addtolength{\textheight}{-1cm}
\addtolength{\hoffset}{-3cm}
\addtolength{\voffset}{-2cm}
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.2cm} % Space between columns
\setlength{\headsep}{-12pt} % Reduce space between header and content
\setlength{\headheight}{85pt} % If less, LaTeX automatically increases it
\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove footer line
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove header line
\renewcommand{\seqinsert}{\ifmmode\allowbreak\else\-\fi} % Hyphens in seqsplit
% This two commands together give roughly
% the right line height in the tables
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3}
\onehalfspacing

% Commands
\newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour
\newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols
\newcolumntype{x}[1]{>{\raggedright}p{#1}} % New column types for ragged-right paragraph columns
\newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline} % Required as custom column type in use

% Font and Colours
\definecolor{HeadBackground}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{FootBackground}{HTML}{666666}
\definecolor{TextColor}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{DarkBackground}{HTML}{A34E2F}
\definecolor{LightBackground}{HTML}{F9F3F2}
\renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault}
\color{TextColor}

% Header and Footer
\pagestyle{fancy}
\fancyhead{} % Set header to blank
\fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank
\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
    \SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
    }
\end{tabulary}
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Python List, dictionaries, tuple, string methods Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{srinivas.ram} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/183208/cs/38138/}}}
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}

\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}srinivas.ram \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/srinivas-ram} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 8th April, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
  \SetRowColor{white}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
\raggedright
\raggedcolumns

% Set font size to small. Switch to any value
% from this page to resize cheat sheet text:
% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
\footnotesize % Small font.

\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Python Lists}}}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{List}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{To Create a List: \{\{nl\}\}	{\bf{thislist = {[}"apple", "banana", "cherry"{]} \{\{nl\}\}	print(thislist)}}\{\{nl\}\}output::\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{{[}'apple', 'banana', 'cherry'{]}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{A list can contain different data types::}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Example:: \{\{nl\}\}	{\bf{list1 = {[}"abc", 34, True, 40, "male"{]}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{What is the data type of a list?}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{mylist = {[}"apple", "banana", "cherry"{]} \{\{nl\}\}	print(type(mylist)) }}\{\{nl\}\}	output::{\bf{ \textless{}class 'list'\textgreater{}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{List items can be accessed by referring to the index number:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{thislist = {[}"apple", "banana", "cherry"{]} \{\{nl\}\}	print(thislist{[}1{]})}} \{\{nl\}\}	output:: {\bf{banana}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{To change the value of a specific item, refer to the index number:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{thislist = {[}"apple", "banana", "cherry"{]} \{\{nl\}\}	thislist{[}1{]} = "blackcurrant"\{\{nl\}\}	 print(thislist)}} \{\{nl\}\}	output:: {\bf{{[}'apple', 'blackcurrant', 'cherry'{]}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{To add an item to the end of the list, use the append() method:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{thislist = {[}"apple", "banana", "cherry"{]} \{\{nl\}\}	thislist.append("orange") \{\{nl\}\}	print(thislist)}} \{\{nl\}\}	output:: {\bf{{[}'apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'orange'{]}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 4)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{To append elements from another list to the current list, use the {\bf{extend()}} method.} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{list\_A = {[}"apple", "banana", "cherry"{]} \{\{nl\}\}	list\_B = {[}"mango", "pineapple", "papaya"{]} \{\{nl\}\}	list\_A.extend(list\_B) \{\{nl\}\}	print(list\_A)}} \{\{nl\}\} output::\{\{nl\}\}	 {\bf{{[}'apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'mango', 'pineapple', 'papaya'{]}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Python Lists}} (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The {\bf{remove()}} method removes the specified item.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{list\_A = {[}"apple", "banana", "cherry"{]} \{\{nl\}\}list\_A.remove("banana") \{\{nl\}\}print(list\_A)}} \{\{nl\}\} output:: {\bf{{[}'apple', 'cherry'{]}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The {\bf{pop()}} method removes the specified index\{\{nl\}\} with out idex it will remove last item} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{list\_A = {[}"apple", "banana", "cherry"{]}\{\{nl\}\} list\_A.pop(1) \{\{nl\}\}print(list\_A)}} \{\{nl\}\} output:: {\bf{{[}'apple', 'cherry'{]}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The **del keyword removes the specified index\{\{nl\}\} Also delete the list completely} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{thislist = {[}"apple", "banana", "cherry"{]} \{\{nl\}\}del thislist{[}0{]} \{\{nl\}\}print(thislist)}}\{\{nl\}\}output::{\bf{{[}'banana', 'cherry'{]}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The {\bf{clear()}} method empties the list.} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{thislist = {[}"apple", "banana", "cherry"{]} \{\{nl\}\}thislist.clear() \{\{nl\}\}print(thislist)}} \{\{nl\}\}output::{\bf{{[}{]}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{loop through the list items by using a for loop:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{thislist = {[}"apple", "banana", "cherry"{]} \{\{nl\}\}for x in thislist:   \{\{nl\}\}print(x)}} \{\{nl\}\}output::\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{apple \{\{nl\}\}banana \{\{nl\}\}cherry}}} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{loop through the list items by referring to their index number.\{\{nl\}\}Use the {\bf{range()}} and {\bf{len()}} functions to create a suitable iterable.} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{thislist = {[}"apple", "banana", "cherry"{]} \{\{nl\}\}for i in range(len(thislist)):   \{\{nl\}\}print(thislist{[}i{]})}}\{\{nl\}\}output::{\bf{\{\{nl\}\}apple\{\{nl\}\}  banana\{\{nl\}\}  cherry}}} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Python Lists}} (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{loop through the list items by using a while loop.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{thislist = {[}"apple", "banana", "cherry"{]} \{\{nl\}\}i = 0 \{\{nl\}\}while i \textless{} len(thislist):   \{\{nl\}\}print(thislist{[}i{]})   i = i + 1 }}\{\{nl\}\}output ::  {\bf{\{\{nl\}\}apple  \{\{nl\}\}banana  \{\{nl\}\}cherry}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{List Comprehension offers the shortest syntax for looping through lists:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{thislist = {[}"apple", "banana", "cherry"{]} \{\{nl\}\}{[}print(x) for x in thislist{]}}} \{\{nl\}\}output::{\bf{\{\{nl\}\}apple  \{\{nl\}\}banana  \{\{nl\}\}cherry}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{List comprehension offers a shorter syntax \{\{nl\}\}when you want to create a new list \{\{nl\}\}based on the values of an existing list.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Without list comprehension}}\{\{nl\}\} fruits = {[}"apple", "banana", "cherry", "kiwi", "mango"{]} \{\{nl\}\}newlist = {[}{]}  \{\{nl\}\}for x in fruits:  \{\{nl\}\} if "a" in x:   \{\{nl\}\}  newlist.append(x)  \{\{nl\}\}print(newlist)\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{With list comprehension}} you can do \{\{nl\}\}all that with only one line of code \{\{nl\}\}fruits = {[}"apple", "banana", "cherry", "kiwi", "mango"{]}  \{\{nl\}\}newlist = {[}x for x in fruits if "a" in x{]}  \{\{nl\}\}print(newlist)} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 9)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{sort()}} method that will sort the list alphanumerically, ascending, by default:} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{thislist = {[}"orange", "mango", "kiwi", "pineapple", "banana"{]} \{\{nl\}\}thislist.sort() \{\{nl\}\}print(thislist)}}\{\{nl\}\}output:: {\bf{\{\{nl\}\}{[}'banana', 'kiwi', 'mango', 'orange', 'pineapple'{]}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 4)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{To make a copy, one way is to use the built-in List method {\bf{copy().}}} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Python Lists}} (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{thislist = {[}"apple", "banana", "cherry"{]} \{\{nl\}\}mylist = thislist.copy() \{\{nl\}\}print(mylist)\{\{nl\}\}}}output::{\bf{{[}'apple', 'banana', 'cherry'{]}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{List count() Method}}\{\{nl\}\}Return the number of times the value "cherry" \{\{nl\}\}appears in the fruits list:} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{fruits = {[}'apple', 'banana', 'cherry'{]}  \{\{nl\}\}x = fruits.count("cherry")}}\{\{nl\}\}output:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{1}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{There are some list methods that will change the order, but in general: the order of the items will not change.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{ Dictionaries in Python}}}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Dictionaries}} are used to store data values in {\bf{key:value pairs.}}\{\{nl\}\}It is a collection which is ordered*, changeable and do not allow duplicates.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Create and print a dictionary:}}\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{thisdict = \{   "brand": "Ford",   "model": "Mustang",   "year": 1964 \} \{\{nl\}\}print(thisdict)}}\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}output \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{\{'brand': 'Ford', 'model': 'Mustang', 'year': 1964\}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{You can access the items of a dictionary by referring to \{\{nl\}\}its {\bf{key name}}, inside square brackets:} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{thisdict = \{   "brand": "Ford",   "model": "Mustang",   "year": 1964 \} \{\{nl\}\}x = thisdict{[}"model"{]} \{\{nl\}\}print(x)}}\{\{nl\}\}output::{\bf{Mustang}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The {\bf{keys() method}} will return a list of all the keys in the dictionary.} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{thisdict = \{   "brand": "Ford",   "model": "Mustang",   "year": 1964 \}  \{\{nl\}\}x = thisdict.keys()  \{\{nl\}\}print(x)}} \{\{nl\}\}output:: {\bf{dict\_keys({[}'brand', 'model', 'year'{]})}}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The {\bf{values()}} method will return a list of all the values in the dictionary.} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{thisdict = \{   "brand": "Ford",   "model": "Mustang",   "year": 1964 \}  \{\{nl\}\}x = thisdict.values()  \{\{nl\}\}print(x) }}\{\{nl\}\}output::{\bf{dict\_values({[}'Ford', 'Mustang', 1964{]})}}} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{we can change the value of a specific item by referring to its {\bf{key name:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{thisdict =	\{   "brand": "Ford",   "model": "Mustang",   "year": 1964 \}  \{\{nl\}\}thisdict{[}"year"{]} = 2018  \{\{nl\}\}print(thisdict)}} \{\{nl\}\}output::{\bf{\{'brand': 'Ford', 'model': 'Mustang', 'year': 2018\}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{ Dictionaries in Python}} (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The {\bf{update()}} method will update the dictionary with \{\{nl\}\}the items from the given argument.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{thisdict = \{   "brand": "Ford",   "model": "Mustang",   "year": 1964 \} \{\{nl\}\}thisdict.update(\{"year": 2020\})  \{\{nl\}\}print(thisdict)}} \{\{nl\}\}output::{\bf{\{'brand': 'Ford', 'model': 'Mustang', 'year': 2020\}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Adding an item to the dictionary}} is done \{\{nl\}\}by using a new index key and assigning a value to it:} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{thisdict = \{"brand": "Ford",   "model": "Mustang",   "year": 1964 \} \{\{nl\}\}thisdict{[}"color"{]} = "red" \{\{nl\}\}print(thisdict)}} \{\{nl\}\}output:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{\{'brand': 'Ford', 'model': 'Mustang', 'year': 1964, 'color': 'red'\}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 5)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{You can loop through a dictionary by using a {\bf{for loop}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{thisdict =	\{   "brand": "Ford",   "model": "Mustang",   "year": 1964 \} \{\{nl\}\}for x in thisdict:   \{\{nl\}\}print(x)}} \{\{nl\}\}output:: \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{brand \{\{nl\}\}model \{\{nl\}\}year}}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Make a copy of a dictionary with the {\bf{copy()}} method:} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{thisdict = \{   "brand": "Ford",   "model": "Mustang",   "year": 1964 \} \{\{nl\}\}mydict = thisdict.copy() \{\{nl\}\}print(mydict)}} \{\{nl\}\}output:: {\bf{\{'brand': 'Ford', 'model': 'Mustang', 'year': 1964\}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 4)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{A dictionary can contain dictionaries, this is called {\bf{nested dictionaries}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{myfamily = \{  \{\{nl\}\} "child1" : \{  \{\{nl\}\}"name" : "Emil",     \{\{nl\}\}"year" : 2004   \{\{nl\}\}\},   \{\{nl\}\}"child2" : \{     \{\{nl\}\}"name" : "Tobias",     \{\{nl\}\}"year" : 2007   \{\{nl\}\}\},   \{\{nl\}\}"child3" : \{     \{\{nl\}\}"name" : "Linus",     \{\{nl\}\}"year" : 2011   \{\{nl\}\}\} \{\{nl\}\}\}  \{\{nl\}\}print(myfamily)}}\{\{nl\}\}output::\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{\{'child1': \{'name': 'Emil', 'year': 2004\}, \{\{nl\}\}'child2': \{'name': 'Tobias', 'year': 2007\}, \{\{nl\}\}'child3': \{'name': 'Linus', 'year': 2011\}\}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 39 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{ Dictionaries in Python}} (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{To access items from a nested dictionary}}, \{\{nl\}\}you use the name of the dictionaries, \{\{nl\}\}starting with the outer dictionary:} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{myfamily = \{   \{\{nl\}\}"child1" : \{     \{\{nl\}\}"name" : "Emil",     \{\{nl\}\}"year" : 2004   \{\{nl\}\}\},   \{\{nl\}\}"child2" : \{     \{\{nl\}\}"name" : "Tobias",     \{\{nl\}\}"year" : 2007   \{\{nl\}\}\},   \{\{nl\}\}"child3" : \{     \{\{nl\}\}"name" : "Linus",     \{\{nl\}\}"year" : 2011   \{\{nl\}\}\} \{\{nl\}\}\}  \{\{nl\}\}print(myfamily{[}"child2"{]}{[}"name"{]})}} \{\{nl\}\}output::{\bf{Tobias}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 7)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{setdefault() Method}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{car = \{   \{\{nl\}\}"brand": "Ford",   \{\{nl\}\}"model": "Mustang",   \{\{nl\}\}"year": 1964 \{\{nl\}\}\}  \{\{nl\}\}x = car.setdefault("model", "Bronco")  \{\{nl\}\}print(x)}} \{\{nl\}\}output:: {\bf{Mustang}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{As of Python version 3.7, dictionaries are ordered. In Python 3.6 and earlier, dictionaries are unordered.}}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Python Strings}}}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Strings}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Strings in python are surrounded by either single quotation marks,  \{\{nl\}\}or double quotation marks.\{\{nl\}\}Example:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{print("Hello") \{\{nl\}\}print('Hello')}} \{\{nl\}\} output:: \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{Hello \{\{nl\}\}Hello}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Assign String to a Variable}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{nl\}\}Example:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{a = "Hello" \{\{nl\}\}print(a)}} \{\{nl\}\} output:: \{nl\}\} {\bf{Hello}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Multiline Strings}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Example:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{a = """Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, \{\{nl\}\}consectetur adipiscing elit, \{\{nl\}\}sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt \{nl\}\} ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.""" \{\{nl\}\}print(a)}} \{\{nl\}\}output:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, \{\{nl\}\}consectetur adipiscing elit,  \{\{nl\}\}sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt \{\{nl\}\}ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 8)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Strings are Arrays}}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Example:: \{\{nl\}\}Get the character at position 1 (remember that the first character has the position 0): \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{a = "Hello, World!" \{\{nl\}\}print(a{[}1{]})}} \{nl\}\}output:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{e}}} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Looping Through a String}}} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Example:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{for x in "banana": \{\{nl\}\} print(x)}} \{\{nl\}\}output:: \{nl\}\}output:: \{\{nl\}\}**b \{\{nl\}\}a \{\{nl\}\}n \{\{nl\}\}a  \{\{nl\}\}n \{\{nl\}\}a} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{String Length}}} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The len() function returns the length of a string:\{\{nl\}\}Example:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{a = "Hello, World!" \{\{nl\}\}print(len(a))}} \{\{nl\}\}output:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{13}}} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Python Strings}} (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Check String}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Example:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{txt = "The best things in life are free!" \{\{nl\}\}print("free" in txt)}} \{\{nl\}\}output:: \{nl\}\}{\bf{True}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Use it in an if statement:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Example:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{txt = "The best things in life are free!" \{\{nl\}\}if "free" in txt: \{\{nl\}\}print("Yes, 'free' is present.")}} \{nl\}\}output:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Yes, 'free' is present.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Check if NOT}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Example:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{txt = "The best things in life are free!" \{\{nl\}\}print("expensive" not in txt)}} \{\{nl\}\}output:: \{nl\}\}{\bf{True}}\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{ using 'if'}} \{\{nl\}\}Example:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{txt = "The best things in life are free!" \{\{nl\}\}if "expensive" not in txt: \{\{nl\}\}print("No, 'expensive' is NOT present.")}} \{nl\}\}output:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{No, 'expensive' is NOT present.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 8)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Slicing}}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Example:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{b = "Hello, World!" \{\{nl\}\}print(b{[}2:5{]})}} \{\{nl\}\}output:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{llo}}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Modify Strings to Upper Case}}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Example:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{a = "Hello, World!" \{\{nl\}\}print(a.upper())}} \{\{nl\}\}output:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{HELLO, WORLD!}}} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Modify Strings to Lower Case}}} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Example:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{a = "Hello, World!" \{\{nl\}\}print(a.lower())}} \{\{nl\}\}output:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{hello, world!}}} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 3)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Remove Whitespace}}} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 1)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Python Strings}} (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The strip() method removes any whitespace from the beginning or the end: \{\{nl\}\}Example:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{a = " Hello, World! " \{\{nl\}\}print(a.strip())}} \{\{nl\}\}output:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Hello, World!}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Replace String}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Example:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{a = "Hello, World!" \{\{nl\}\}print(a.replace("H", "J"))}} \{\{nl\}\}output:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Jello, World!}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Split String}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Example:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{a = "Hello, World!" \{\{nl\}\}b = a.split(",") \{\{nl\}\}print(b)}} \{\{nl\}\}output:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{{[}'Hello', ' World!'{]}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{String Concatenation}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Example:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{a = "Hello" \{\{nl\}\}b = "World" \{\{nl\}\}c = a + b \{\{nl\}\}print(c)}} \{\{nl\}\}output:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{HelloWorld}}\{\{nl\}\} To add a space between them, add a " ": \{\{nl\}\}Example:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{a = "Hello" \{\{nl\}\}b = "World" \{\{nl\}\}c = a + " " + b \{\{nl\}\}print(c)}} \{\{nl\}\}output:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Hello World}}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 6)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Format - Strings}}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Use the format() method to insert numbers into strings: \{\{nl\}\}Example:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{age = 30 \{\{nl\}\}txt = "My name is Srinivas, and I am \{\}" \{\{nl\}\}print(txt.format(age))}} \{\{nl\}\}output:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{My name is Srinivas, and I am 30}}\{\{nl\}\}You can use index numbers \{0\} to be sure the \{\{nl\}\}arguments are placed in the correct placeholders: \{\{nl\}\}Example:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{quantity = 3 \{\{nl\}\}itemno = 567 \{\{nl\}\}price = 49.95 \{\{nl\}\}myorder = "I want to pay \{2\} dollars for \{0\} pieces of item \{1\}." \{\{nl\}\}print(myorder.format(quantity, itemno, price))}} \{\{nl\}\}output:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{I want to pay 49.95 dollars for 3 pieces of item 567}}} \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 13)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Python Strings}} (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Escape Characters}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The escape character allows you to use double quotes \{\{nl\}\}when you normally would not be allowed: \{\{nl\}\}Example:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{txt = "Iam \textbackslash{}"Important\textbackslash{}" in this line." \{\{nl\}\}print(txt)}} \{\{nl\}\}output:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Iam "Important" in this line}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 5)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Capitalize() Method In Strings}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The first character is converted to upper case, and \{\{nl\}\}the rest are converted to lower case: \{\{nl\}\}Example:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{txt = "python is FUN!" \{\{nl\}\}x = txt.capitalize() \{\{nl\}\}print (x)}} \{\{nl\}\}output:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Python is fun!}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 5)
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{String count() Method}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Return the number of times the value "apple" appears in the string: \{\{nl\}\}Example:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{txt = "I love apples, apple are my favorite fruit" \{\{nl\}\}x = txt.count("apple") \{\{nl\}\}print(x)}} \{\{nl\}\}output:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{2}}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 5)
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{String endswith() Method}}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 41
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Example:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{txt = "Hello, welcome to my world." \{\{nl\}\}x = txt.endswith(".") \{\{nl\}\}print(x)}} \{\{nl\}\}output:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{True}}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
% Row 42
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{String find() Method}}} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 43
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Example:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{txt = "Hello, welcome to my world." \{\{nl\}\}x = txt.find("welcome") \{\{nl\}\}print(x)}} \{\{nl\}\}output:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{7}}} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 3)
% Row 44
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{String isalnum() Method}}} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
% Row 45
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Example:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{txt = "Company12" \{\{nl\}\}x = txt.isalnum() \{\{nl\}\}print(x)}} \{\{nl\}\}output:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{True}}} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Python Strings}} (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 46
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{String isalpha() Method}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 47
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Example:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{txt = "CompanyX" \{\{nl\}\}x = txt.isalpha() \{\{nl\}\}print(x)}} \{\{nl\}\}output:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{True}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Strings in python are surrounded by either single quotation marks, or double quotation marks.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Tuples In Python}}}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Tuple}}:} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{nl\}\}Tuples are used to store multiple items in a single variable. \{\{nl\}\}A tuple is a collection which is ordered and unchangeable. \{\{nl\}\}Tuples are written with round brackets. \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Example}}:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry") \{\{nl\}\}print(thistuple).}}\{\{nl\}\}output::{\bf{('apple', 'banana', 'cherry')}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Tuple Items}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Tuple items are ordered, unchangeable, and allow duplicate values. \{\{nl\}\}Tuple items are indexed, the first item has index {[}0{]}, \{\{nl\}\} the second item has index {[}1{]} etc.} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Ordered}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{When we say that tuples are ordered,  \{\{nl\}\}it means that the items have a defined order,  \{\{nl\}\}and that order will not change.} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Unchangeable}}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Tuples are unchangeable, meaning that we cannot change, \{\{nl\}\}add or remove items after the tuple has been created.} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Allow Duplicates}}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Example:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry", "apple", "cherry") \{\{nl\}\}print(thistuple)}}\{\{nl\}\}output:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{('apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'apple', 'cherry')}}} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Create Tuple With One Item}}} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{To create a tuple with only one item,  \{\{nl\}\}you have to add a comma after the item,  \{\{nl\}\}otherwise Python will not recognize it as a tuple.{\bf{\{\{nl\}\}thistuple = ("apple",) \{\{nl\}\}print(type(thistuple))  \{\{nl\}\}\#NOT a tuple \{\{nl\}\}thistuple = ("apple") \{\{nl\}\}print(type(thistuple)) \{\{nl\}\}output:: \{\{nl\}\}\textless{}class 'tuple'\textgreater{} \{\{nl\}\}\textless{}class 'str'\textgreater{}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Tuples In Python}} (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Access Tuple Items}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Print the second item in the tuple:\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry") \{\{nl\}\}print(thistuple{[}1{]})\{\{nl\}\}output::\{\{nl\}\}banana}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Change Tuple Values}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Once a tuple is created, you cannot change its values as they are called immutable.\{\{nl\}\}But there is a workaround. You can convert the tuple into a list,  \{\{nl\}\}change the list, and convert the list back into a tuple.{\bf{\{\{nl\}\}x = ("apple", "banana", "cherry") \{\{nl\}\}y = list(x) \{\{nl\}\}y{[}1{]} = "kiwi" \{\{nl\}\}x = tuple(y)  \{\{nl\}\}print(x)}}\{\{nl\}\}output::\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{("apple", "kiwi", "cherry")}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 8)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{ Add tuple to a tuple.}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Example:: \{\{nl\}\}Create a new tuple with the value "orange", and add that tuple: {\bf{\{\{nl\}\}thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry") \{\{nl\}\}y = ("orange",) \{\{nl\}\}thistuple += y  \{\{nl\}\}print(thistuple)}}\{\{nl\}\}output:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{('apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'orange')}}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 6)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Unpacking a Tuple}}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{When we create a tuple, we normally assign values to it.  \{\{nl\}\}This is called "packing" a tuple: \{\{nl\}\} Packing a tuple: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{fruits = ("apple", "banana", "cherry") \{\{nl\}\}print(fruits)}} \{\{nl\}\}output:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{('apple', 'banana', 'cherry')}}\{\{nl\}\}But, in Python, we are also allowed to extract the values back into variables.  \{\{nl\}\}This is called "unpacking":\{\{nl\}\}unpack Tuple \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{fruits = ("apple", "banana", "cherry") \{\{nl\}\}(green, yellow, red) = fruits \{\{nl\}\}print(green) \{\{nl\}\}print(yellow) \{\{nl\}\}print(red)}} \{\{nl\}\}output:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{apple \{\{nl\}\}banana \{\{nl\}\}cherry}}} \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 12)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Tuples In Python}} (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Using Asterisk}}*} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{If the number of variables is less than the number of values,  \{\{nl\}\}you can add an * to the variable name and the values  \{\{nl\}\}will be assigned to the variable as a list:\{\{nl\}\}\{\{nl\}\}Example:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{fruits = ("apple", "banana", "cherry", "strawberry", "raspberry")}} \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{(green, yellow, *red) = fruits}} \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{print(green) \{\{nl\}\}print(yellow) \{\{nl\}\}print(red)}} \{\{nl\}\}output:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{apple \{\{nl\}\}banana \{\{nl\}\}{[}'cherry', 'strawberry', 'raspberry'{]}}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 10)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Loop Through a Tuple}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{You can loop through the tuple items by using a for loop.\{\{nl\}\}Example:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry") \{\{nl\}\}for x in thistuple: \{\{nl\}\} print(x)}} \{\{nl\}\}output:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{apple \{\{nl\}\}banana \{\{nl\}\}cherry}}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Loop Through the Index Numbers In Tuples}}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Use the range() and len() functions to create a suitable iterable.\{\{nl\}\}Example:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry") \{\{nl\}\}for i in range(len(thistuple)): \{\{nl\}\} print(thistuple{[}i{]})}} \{\{nl\}\}output:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{apple \{\{nl\}\}banana \{\{nl\}\}cherry}}} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 6)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Using a While Loop In Tuples}}} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{nl\}\}Example:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{thistuple = ("apple", "banana", "cherry") \{\{nl\}\}i = 0 \{\{nl\}\} while i \textless{} len(thistuple): \{\{nl\}\}  print(thistuple{[}i{]}) \{\{nl\}\} i = i + 1 }}\{\{nl\}\}output:: {\bf{\{\{nl\}\}apple \{\{nl\}\}banana \{\{nl\}\}cherry	}}} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Tuples In Python}} (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Join Two Tuples}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{To join two or more tuples you can use the + operator:\{\{nl\}\}Example:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{tuple1 = ("a", "b" , "c") \{\{nl\}\}tuple2 = (1, 2, 3) \{\{nl\}\} tuple3 = tuple1 + tuple2 \{\{nl\}\} print(tuple3)}} \{\{nl\}\} output:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{('a', 'b', 'c', 1, 2, 3)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 5)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Multiply Tuples}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Example:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{fruits = ("apple", "banana", "cherry") \{\{nl\}\}mytuple = fruits * 2 \{\{nl\}\} print(mytuple)}} \{\{nl\}\} output:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{('apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'apple', 'banana', 'cherry')}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Tuple count() Method}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{nl\}\}Example:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{thistuple = (1, 3, 7, 8, 7, 5, 4, 6, 8, 5) \{\{nl\}\}x = thistuple.count(5) \{\{nl\}\} print(x)}} \{\{nl\}\} output:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{2}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Tuple index() Method}}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Example:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{thistuple = (1, 3, 7, 8, 7, 5, 4, 6, 8, 5) \{\{nl\}\}x = thistuple.index(8) \{\{nl\}\} print(x)}} \{\{nl\}\} output:: \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{3}}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{When creating a tuple with only one item, remember to include a comma after the item, otherwise it will not be identified as a tuple.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}