\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article} % Packages \usepackage{fancyhdr} % For header and footer \usepackage{multicol} % Allows multicols in tables \usepackage{tabularx} % Intelligent column widths \usepackage{tabulary} % Used in header and footer \usepackage{hhline} % Border under tables \usepackage{graphicx} % For images \usepackage{xcolor} % For hex colours %\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc} % For unicode character support \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} % Without this we get weird character replacements \usepackage{colortbl} % For coloured tables \usepackage{setspace} % For line height \usepackage{lastpage} % Needed for total page number \usepackage{seqsplit} % Splits long words. %\usepackage{opensans} % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely. \usepackage[normalem]{ulem} % For underlining links % Most of the following are not required for the majority % of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support. \usepackage{amsmath} % Symbols \usepackage{MnSymbol} % Symbols \usepackage{wasysym} % Symbols %\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel} % Languages % Document Info \author{sparkledaisy} \pdfinfo{ /Title (clep-introductory-psychology.pdf) /Creator (Cheatography) /Author (sparkledaisy) /Subject (CLEP Introductory Psychology Cheat Sheet) } % Lengths and widths \addtolength{\textwidth}{6cm} \addtolength{\textheight}{-1cm} \addtolength{\hoffset}{-3cm} \addtolength{\voffset}{-2cm} \setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.2cm} % Space between columns \setlength{\headsep}{-12pt} % Reduce space between header and content \setlength{\headheight}{85pt} % If less, LaTeX automatically increases it \renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove footer line \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove header line \renewcommand{\seqinsert}{\ifmmode\allowbreak\else\-\fi} % Hyphens in seqsplit % This two commands together give roughly % the right line height in the tables \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3} \onehalfspacing % Commands \newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour \newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols \newcolumntype{x}[1]{>{\raggedright}p{#1}} % New column types for ragged-right paragraph columns \newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline} % Required as custom column type in use % Font and Colours \definecolor{HeadBackground}{HTML}{333333} \definecolor{FootBackground}{HTML}{666666} \definecolor{TextColor}{HTML}{333333} \definecolor{DarkBackground}{HTML}{A9BCF5} \definecolor{LightBackground}{HTML}{F4F6FD} \renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault} \color{TextColor} % Header and Footer \pagestyle{fancy} \fancyhead{} % Set header to blank \fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank \fancyhead[L]{ \noindent \begin{multicols}{3} \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \vspace{-7pt} {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}} } \end{tabulary} \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L} \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{CLEP Introductory Psychology Cheat Sheet}}}} \\ \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{sparkledaisy} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/21957/cs/4437/}}} \end{tabulary} \end{multicols}} \fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize \noindent \begin{multicols}{3} \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}} \\ \vspace{-2pt}sparkledaisy \\ \uline{cheatography.com/sparkledaisy} \\ \end{tabulary} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}} \\ \vspace{-2pt}Published 24th July, 2015.\\ Updated 11th May, 2016.\\ Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}. \end{tabulary} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}} \\ \SetRowColor{white} \vspace{-5pt} %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg} Measure your website readability!\\ www.readability-score.com \end{tabulary} \end{multicols}} \begin{document} \raggedright \raggedcolumns % Set font size to small. Switch to any value % from this page to resize cheat sheet text: % www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html \footnotesize % Small font. \begin{multicols*}{3} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Willhelm Wundt}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/lWv3tQUY-9k} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1879 \newline first psychology lab in Leipzig Germany \newline Structuralist \newline \newline youtube:lWv3tQUY-9k} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{It's all about {\bf{STRUCTURE}}}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Structuralists believe consciousness = basic elements combine to make different perceptions. Wanted to discover form of mental experience. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3) {\bf{Introspection}} reporting own conscious thoughts and feelings \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2) Wundt, Titchener% Row Count 6 (+ 1) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Yale Univ Psychology classes}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/P3FKHH2RzjI&list=PLQBxBn90xZaIvS5gxsvErSm7cV8BKuClx} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\seqsplit{youtube:P3FKHH2RzjI\&list=PLQBxBn90xZaIvS5gxsvErSm7cV8BKuClx}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Research Methods}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{independent variable}} = cause \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) {\bf{experimental group}} = exposed to cause \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1) {\bf{control group}} = not exposed to cause \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1) {\bf{dependent variable}} = effect (measures how subjects behave) \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2) {\bf{blind study}} = subjects don't know if they get drug or placebo \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2) {\bf{double-blind study}} = subjects \& researchers don't know who gets drug/placebo \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2) {\bf{correlation coefficient}} = describes strength of relationship% Row Count 11 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Consciousness}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Consciousness = a state of being aware and reflecting on the environment around us, not simply reacting to it \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3) Circadian rhythm = predictable factors of the human body "through the day" \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2) {\emph{circa}} around, {\emph{dian}} day% Row Count 6 (+ 1) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Brain}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sparkledaisy_1435063373_brain.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Brainstem (Medulla) = breathing \& heartbeat \newline Reticular formation = arousal, sleep, filters stimuli \newline Cerebellum = voluntary movement \newline \newline limbic system (Hippo HAT) \newline - HIPPOcampus = memory \newline - Hypothalamus = hunger, thirst, sexual behavior \newline - - pituitary gland = hormones \newline - Amygdala = fear, anger \newline - Thalamus = touch, taste, sight, hear \newline \newline \{\{link="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vHrmiy4W9C0\&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOPRKzVLY0jJY-uHOH9KVU6\&index=4"\}\}Crash Course Video - know your brain\{\{/link\}\}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Limbic System}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/GDlDirzOSI8} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Hippo \newline H \newline A \newline T \newline \newline Hippocampus (campus = learning/memories) \newline Hypothalamus (FFFF = Fight, Flight, Feed, Mating) \newline Amygdala (emotions) \newline Thalamus (Tell 'em = senses (except for smell)) \newline \newline youtube:GDlDirzOSI8} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Brain Power}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sparkledaisy_1437252596_homonunc.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{motor \& sensory homunculus}} = proportionate representation of the brain's dedication to the parts of the body responsible for motor functionality. \newline \newline The more brain power involved in the planning, execution and control of a body part's movements, the larger the body part is on the clay figure, thus giving a simple, yet accurate visual representation of the brain's dedication to different areas of motor function. \newline \newline http://leesalittle.com/tag/cortical-homunculus/} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sleep}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sparkledaisy_1437695976_sleep.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{When {\bf{awake}} the brain produces {\bf{alpha waves}} which are relatively slow \newline {\bf{stage 1}} breathing slows with irregular, erratic brain waves. alpha waves cease and are replaced with {\bf{theta}} waves \newline {\bf{Stage 2}} deeper relaxation/occasional bursts of rhythmic waves "sleep spindles" and K-complexes \newline {\bf{Stage 3}} large slow {\bf{delta}} waves. transition to Stage 4 \newline {\bf{Stage 4}} stronger more consistent {\bf{delta}} waves. These last 2 stages are referred to as slow-wave sleep \newline {\bf{REM Sleep}} dreams} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sleep Disorders}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Insomnia}} = recurring difficulty falling asleep. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) {\bf{Narcolepsy}} = sudden and uncontrollable attacks of sleep during waking hours. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2) {\bf{Sleep apnea}} = stop breathing during sleep which wakes them long enough to breathe. This can occur 100's of times a night% Row Count 7 (+ 3) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Gestalt}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sparkledaisy_1436804876_gestalt.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{theory of mind of the Berlin School of experimental psychology. \newline \newline Gestalt psychology tries to understand the laws of our ability to acquire and maintain meaningful perceptions in an apparently chaotic world. \newline \newline Roots in theories by Hume, Goethe, Kant. \newline \newline Max Wertheimer's unique contribution was to insist that the "gestalt" is perceptually primary, defining the parts it was composed from, rather than being a secondary quality that emerges from those parts.} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Perceptual Sets}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/n46umYA_4dM} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{predispositions to perceive one thing and not another. \newline \newline Crying baby girl - weak \& scared \newline Crying baby boy - strong and mad \newline \newline Expect the mail man and hear noises but he is not there. \newline \newline youtube:n46umYA\_4dM} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Phi Phenomenon}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sparkledaisy_1437069743_phi.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{optical illusion of perceiving continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession \newline \newline Youtube video for more about \{\{link="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x77Ac4\_NRbQ"\}\}Gestalt psychology\{\{/link\}\}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Signal Detection Theory}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/gRQmTp6W3UA} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{ability to notice stimulus varies with psychological factors including motivation, past experience, expectations \newline \newline youtube:gRQmTp6W3UA} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Theories of emotion}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Cannon-Bard: crazed dog = Arousal \& Fear \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) James-Lange: crazed dog = arousal THEN fear \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1) Two-Factor: crazed dog = Arousal \& Label (cognitive) THEN fear% Row Count 4 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Canon-Bard Theory}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sparkledaisy_1435260812_binet.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{see stimulus - generates arousal \& emotional experience at the same time. Information to sympathetic nervous system (arousal) and cortex (subjective experience) \newline \newline Dog growls = heart rate increases + realize I'm afraid} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{James-Lange Theory}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sparkledaisy_1435260986_james.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{see it = feel emotion = become afraid because I feel my heart pounding \newline \newline Without arousal I wouldn't be afraid} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Two Factor Theory of Emotion}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sparkledaisy_1435261734_two factor.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Stanley Schacter's \newline \newline Emotions experienced depend on how arousal is labeled. What makes each experience different is what you call it. \newline \newline If you decide you're aroused because someone insulted you = angry} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Noam Chomsky}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/Zg1bHzBoggk} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Language development}} children have language acquisition device - universal built in mental system that steers us toward interpreting and using language in particular ways. \newline \newline {\bf{youtube:Zg1bHzBoggk}} \newline \newline A good video describing his theory (1:47 BBC): \{\{link="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Cgpfw4z8cw"\}\}Noam Chomsky on Language Aquisition\{\{/link\}\}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Memory}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sparkledaisy_1435258438_memory.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Sensory}} fleeting awareness of what senses detect \newline \newline {\bf{short term}} (working) keep information long enough to solve problems \newline \newline {\bf{long term}} unlimited storage} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Charles Spearman}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/-hMhpB8ikR8} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Labeled general intelligence "g" factor \newline Cognitive \newline \newline youtube:-hMhpB8ikR8} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Joy Paul Guilford}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sparkledaisy_1436803696_think.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{United States psychologist, best remembered for his psychometric study of human intelligence, including the distinction between convergent and divergent production \newline \newline Convergent thinking generally means the ability to give the "correct" answer to standard questions that do not require significant creativity, for instance in most tasks in school and on standardized multiple-choice tests for intelligence. \newline \newline Divergent thinking = creativity = thinking "outside the box"} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Psychological Disorders - Origins}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Medical}} - caused by biological reasons (injury, genetics, drugs) \newline \newline {\bf{Psychoanalytic}} - childhood conflicts, unconscious, misdirected anger \newline \newline {\bf{Cognitive}} - patterns of thinking are abnormal, success because of others (luck, generous), fail because of self (stupid, no talent) \newline \newline {\bf{Learn/Behavior}} - problem behavior is the problem, some type of classical conditioning or reinforcement has occurred for behavior to continue} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Erikson's 8 Stages of Development}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/3BcwntGAB34} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{youtube:3BcwntGAB34}} \newline \newline 1. Nurturing = trust vs mistrust (baby-1yr) \newline 2. Autonomy vs shame doubt (toddler-2 yr) \newline 3. initiative vs guilt (preschool 3-5 yrs) \newline 4. industrious vs inferior (6-12 yrs) \newline 5. identity vs role confusion (12-18) \newline 6. intimacy vs isolation (18-40) \newline 7. generativity vs stagnation (40-65) \newline 8. integrity vs despair (65 \& up)} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Kohlberg}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sparkledaisy_1435279519_Kohlberg's 6 Stages.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{3 stages of moral development \newline 1. Pre-moral a. Obedience v.s. development \newline \newline 2. Conventional c. good boy, girl-boys and girls are good so they are seen as being a good person. d. law and social order start \newline \newline 3. Post-conventional e. Social Contract f. universal ethical principle} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PERSONALITY - Individual Difference}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/oWpRKJPCI7M} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{youtube:oWpRKJPCI7M}} \newline \newline Measure ways people differ \newline Traits - patterns of behavior \newline \newline Alport (boy on train) to Freud \newline \newline Define personality - stable/lasting behavior patterns/motivations. \newline \newline Eyesneck - stable/unstable, introvert/extrovert \newline {\bf{Big 5 Traits}} OCEAN \newline 1. openness - questioning, independent, curious \newline 2. consciousness - dependable, self control \newline 3. extraversion - outgoing, socially adept \newline 4. agreeableness - conforming, likeable \newline 5. neuroticism - excitability, anxiousness} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Psychological Therapies}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Psychoanalytic}} developed by Freud. Problems from urges vs. social pressure. repressed behavior in childhood. Help individual recognize conflict, make it conscious \& deal with it in socially acceptable way. - Free association "patient" \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 5) {\bf{Humanistic}} help people achieve insight to causes of behavior, emphasize life now and future. "client". Client-centered therapy non directive. people have own insight. provide positive regard \& environment. active listening \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 5) {\bf{Cognitive}} change thinking so see world accurately \& react rationally \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2) {\bf{Learning/Behavioral}} \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1) {\bf{Biological/Medical}} drugs surgery alter brain functions% Row Count 15 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THERAPY - Biological Medical Approach}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Rely on drugs or surgery. Alter the way brain functions \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) Depression = low serotonin neurotransmitter \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1) Anti-depressants (Prozac, Pail, Zoloft) prevent re-uptake of serotonin (SSRI) result in elevated mood \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3) Anti-anxiety drugs (Librium, Valium) reduce arousal, depress activity in CNS \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2) Anti-psychotics (Clozapine, Thorazine) treat symptoms of schizophrenia. block operation of neurotransmitter dopamine \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 3) Barbiturates (tranquilizer) (opiate) \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1) Opiates = opium, decreases nervous system, addictive, side effects% Row Count 14 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Aging Theories}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sparkledaisy_1435278946_aging.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Disengagement - mutual withdrawal \newline \newline Activity - keep active and age well} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hierarchy of Needs}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sparkledaisy_1436805825_need.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper "A Theory of Human Motivation" in Psychological \& fully expressed in his 1954 book {\emph{Motivation and Personality}} \newline \newline studied what he called exemplary people such as Albert Einstein \& the healthiest 1\% of the college student population \newline \newline largest, most fundamental levels of needs at the bottom and the need for self-actualization at the top} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Statistics}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sparkledaisy_1435369461_cronbach.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{descriptive statistics (mean, median mode) \newline \newline {\bf{Standard deviation}} - index of how widely scattered scores tend to be around mean \newline \newline Inferential statistics allow inferences about populations based on sample. Use {\bf{statistical significance}} as some differences could have happened by chance. \newline \newline Coefficient near .00 if correlated by chance. \newline Bigger the coefficient is for the sample, the more reliable correlation. \newline Coefficients \textgreater{} +.70 are generally reliable. (+ or - correlation)} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Stanley Milgram Obedience Experiment (May, 1962)}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/DZ-F6Waua3Y} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{youtube:DZ-F6Waua3Y}} \newline \newline 0:00-9:15 Introduction and instruction \newline 9:26-12:05 First test subject \newline 12:05-16:02 Second test subject \newline 16:02-21:58 Explanation and procedure \newline 21:58-39:18 Third test subject \newline 39:18-44:19 Review and variations of tests} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY - Cognition}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{how we process information about others \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) {\bf{Attribution theory}} - explanations generated for others behavior \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2) - dispositional (internal) - explain behavior inside person (personality, intelligence, maturity) \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2) - situational (external) - explain behavior outside (luck, interference from others, social etiquette) \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3) {\bf{actor-observer difference}} - observers attribute others' behavior to dispositions but own behavior to situations. Actor more aware than others of how his behavior changes from 1 situation to another \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 5) {\bf{cognitive dissonance theory}} - behave inconsistent with attitudes = dissonance (unpleasant tension) must explain behavior due to situation% Row Count 16 (+ 3) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sensory Adaptation \& Habituation}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/PnKSA6fGp6w} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{youtube:PnKSA6fGp6w}} \newline \newline {\bf{Sensory Adaptation}} - neural receptors reduce sensitivity to {\bf{continual}} stimulus (ie - adapt hot/cold water after brief time, eyes adjust dark room (cones 10 min, rods 30), smell own house) \newline \newline {\bf{Habituation}} - decreased response to stimulus after repeated behavior, used to elicit stronger response (alcohol 1st drink vs alcoholic taking a drink, favorite food, living near train track) \newline \newline {\bf{sensitization}} repeated intense stimulus increases response to weaker} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Informational Social Influence Theory}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/h6HLDV0T5Q8} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{4:35 Foot in the Door \newline 5:30 Stanford Prison Experiment \newline 8:00 Festinger's Theory of Cognitive Dissonance - when our thoughts differ from others we feel discomfort we want to resolve \newline \newline {\bf{youtube:h6HLDV0T5Q8}} \newline \newline Informational Social Influence Theory - When we are not sure what to do we copy other people, especially in crisis or if the other person is an expert} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Rorschach}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sparkledaisy_1437012401_ink.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Ink Blot tests. Schizophrenics were found to answer questions about ink blot cards very differently than most people. \newline \newline A neat jpg of the cards as well as common answers can be found \{\{link="https://3d-car-shows.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Hermann\_Rorschach\_inkblot-test.jpg"\}\}here\{\{/link\}\}.} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Edward Thorndike}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/fanm--WyQJo} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Cats \& puzzle boxes. \newline \newline {\bf{youtube:fanm-{}-WyQJo}} \newline \newline Thorndike studied instrumental conditioning, which involves an increase in the probability of a response occurring as a result of a positive outcome. This type of learning would come to be called operant conditioning by B.F. Skinner. \newline \newline {\bf{Law of Effect }} behavior changes because of consequences} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Yerkes-Dodson Law}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/8CA6Di3ix0k} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{moderate levels of arousal lead to optimal performance \newline \newline {\bf{youtube:8CA6Di3ix0k}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Foretting Curve}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sparkledaisy_1437673739_forget.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{link="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jtTrlxwuReY"\}\}Video link\{\{/link\}\} about the forgetting curve. \newline \newline \{\{link="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gt8mmARHsNA"\}\}Video link\{\{/link\}\} about how to learn efficiently.} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Functionalism and Structuralism}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/qBe9qjX-Ahg} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{youtube:qBe9qjX-Ahg} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Edward Titchener 1867-1927}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/EzQ9D5nm_wE} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{First Psychology lab in the U.S. (1892 Professor at Cornell) \newline \newline Studied under Wundt \newline \newline Structuralism, Stimulus Error, Introspection \newline \newline Analyze mind \newline 1. identify structure elements \newline 2. how they are grouped \newline 3. cause of specific arrangement of elements \newline \newline youtube:EzQ9D5nm\_wE} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{7 Perspectives}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Neuroscience = physical \& brain (makes emotions/memories) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) Evolutionary = Darwinism, survival of fittest, inherited behavior \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2) Social-cultural = society \& culture contribute to behavior \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2) Psychodynamic \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1) Behavioral \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1) Cognitive \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1) Humanistic% Row Count 10 (+ 1) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{B.F. Skinner}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/T-d6jypCsUw} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{youtube:T-d6jypCsUw \newline \newline Behaviorism, -1960's \newline {\emph{behavior of organisms}} \newline \newline Blank Slate = molded by environment.. \newline \newline Pigeon operant conditioning, reward system} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Brain Organization}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sparkledaisy_1437065984_brain2.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Brain Organization}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sparkledaisy_1435063833_broca.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Cerebral cortex (outer cover) = motor, cognitive, sensory processes \newline Left/Right Hemispheres \newline Frontal Lobes = coordinating movement in higher level thinking (planning \& predicting consequences of behaviors) \newline \newline - Wernicke's area = language comprehension \newline - Broca's area = speech production \newline \newline Parietal lobes - top of head, behind frontal lobes = touch, hands/feet \newline \newline Temporal lobes - above parietal, sides of ears = hearing \newline \newline Occipital lobes - base of skull in back = vision (ocular)} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Left \& Right Brain}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/82tlVcq6E7A} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Very interesting! \newline \newline youtube:82tlVcq6E7A} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Biological Approach}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{focus on understanding how physiological \& biochemical processes = psychological phenomena \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) genes, nervous system, hormones, neurotransmitters% Row Count 3 (+ 1) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{RESOURCES}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Link to \{\{link="https://quizlet.com/86480497/clep-introductory-psychology-vocab-flash-cards/"\}\}Quizlet\{\{/link\}\} cards about Psychology vocabulary words.% Row Count 4 (+ 4) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sleeping}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/rMHus-0wFSo&index=9&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOPRKzVLY0jJY-uHOH9KVU6} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\seqsplit{youtube:rMHus-0wFSo\&index=9\&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOPRKzVLY0jJY-uHOH9KVU6} \newline \newline Sleeping Disorders. What happens when you sleep. \newline \newline \{\{link="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3nSoCwNymc0"\}\}Mike Birbiglia\{\{/link\}\} talks about his sleepwalking disorder. Funnny!} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Dream Theories}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sparkledaisy_1435189805_dream.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Dream Theories}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Freud} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}manifest content of latent desires. Disguising the wish dreamer avoids anxiety} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 3) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Activation synthesis theory} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}brain's neurons fire randomly during sleep, as we wake, construct dream to make sense of images} \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 4) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Information processing} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}way to consolidate information, sort thru day's events} \tn % Row Count 10 (+ 3) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Physiological Functions} \tn \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}dreams stimulate the brain which may help build neural connections} \tn % Row Count 13 (+ 3) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Gestalt}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/ZWucNQawpWY} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Gestalt psychologists rules for brain piecing together meaningful experiences from fragments of sensation. \newline \newline youtube:ZWucNQawpWY} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Perception}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Gestalt}} (German for "a whole" or "form") Psychologists were among the first to study how the brain makes things from fragments of sensations. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3) Depth perception- \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1) both eyes work together to gather Binocular cues, which use the space between the eyes (retinal disparity) and how much the eyes turn inwards, towards the nose (convergence) to roughly estimate distance. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 5) Monocular cues=one eye. \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1) Linear perspective=parallel lines appear to converge. \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2) Motion parallax-refers to apparent movement of stable objects as we move. \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2) Perceptual sets: predispositions to percieve one thing and not another will affect the way reality is viewed% Row Count 17 (+ 3) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sensation \& Perception}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/unWnZvXJH2o&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOPRKzVLY0jJY-uHOH9KVU6&index=5} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Sensation - Bottom up (vision, hearing, smell) receive and relay outside information to the brain \newline \newline Perception - Top Down brain interprets \& organizes that information \newline \newline youtube:unWnZvXJH2o\&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtOPRKzVLY0jJY-uHOH9KVU6\&index=5} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Motion parallax}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/iMnvakdfIUM} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Apparent movement of stable objects as we move. Drive down the road and close objects appear to be moving backward and the nearer they are the faster they move. Far away objects move with you but more slowly as they get farther away. \newline \newline Youtube video for more about \{\{link="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iMnvakdfIUM"\}\}Motion parallax\{\{/link\}\}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{RESOURCES}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{CLEP® Introductory Psychology Book + Online (CLEP Test Preparation) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) Code inside front cover gives you access to online tests. Practice tests 1 \& 2 are the same online as in the back of the book but the online resource gives you an assessment test which is a bit shorter than the other 2 which are 95 questions each.% Row Count 7 (+ 5) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Find it on \{\{link="http://www.amazon.com/CLEP\%C2\%AE-Introductory-Psychology-Online-Preparation/dp/0738610178/ref=sr\_1\_1?ie=UTF8\&qid=1435258476\&sr=8-1\&keywords=clep+psychology\&pebp=1435258489538\&perid=1PMGJ6AZE38MZZHNK7NW"\}\}Amazon.com\{\{/link\}\}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Prospagnosia}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{link="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/08/30/face-blind"\}\}HERE\{\{/link\}\} is a very interesting article about Prosopagnosia (Face Blindness). \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3) Includes information about: Broca, Wernicke, deja vu, Capgras syndrome \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2) By Oliver Sacks% Row Count 6 (+ 1) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Invisible Gorilla}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/16&v=UtKt8YF7dgQ} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Attention, intuition \newline \newline {\bf{youtube:16\&v=UtKt8YF7dgQ}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cognitive Approach}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{reaction to behaviorism \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) Focus on explain behavior in terms of expectations, feelings, thoughts \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2) problem solving, attention, expectations, memory, thought processes% Row Count 5 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Jean Piaget}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Cognitive Development \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) {\bf{Sensorimotor stage}} (0-2) can't differentiate self from environment \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2) {\bf{preoperational}} (2) stable world, language, symbols, fantasy/reality, object permanence, no logical reasoning, lack conservation, egocentric \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3) {\bf{concrete op.}} (7-11) logic rules, concrete, cause/effect, role taking \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2) {\bf{formal op.}} (12-) logic of science, abstract thinking, metaphors \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2) {\bf{assimilation}} = interpret sights based on current understanding \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2) {\bf{accommodation}} = changed understanding \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1) {\bf{equilibrium}} = balance \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1) {\bf{disequilibrium}} = changes in child's understanding of world% Row Count 16 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Jean Piaget}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/TRF27F2bn-A} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{youtube:TRF27F2bn-A} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Piaget's Schema, Assimilation, Equilibrium}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/3-A9SgbAK5I} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{youtube:3-A9SgbAK5I}} \newline \newline Schema = building block of knowledge \newline \newline Assimilation = using an existing schema to deal with a new object or situation \newline \newline Equilibrium = child's schemas can deal with most new information through assimilation \newline \newline Accommodation = existing schema (knowledge) does not work, and needs to be changed to deal with a new object or situation} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Franz Mesmer}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sparkledaisy_1435334746_mesmer.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{18th century hypnotist \newline \newline Trying to help patients with medical issues \newline \newline Aligned their "magnetic forces" = {\emph{animal magnetism}} \newline \newline Hypnotized people fill social role (role play) behavior controlled by normal, conscious processes. Now used for pain control.} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Psychological Disorders}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/wuhJ-GkRRQc&spfreload=10} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{youtube:wuhJ-GkRRQc\&spfreload=10}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Intelligence}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/9xTz3QjcloI} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{youtube:9xTz3QjcloI}} \newline \newline Spearman "g" factor, factor analysis, spatial numeric reasoning, \newline \newline Thurstone - psychometrics, 7 clusters of mental abilities \newline \newline Gardner - multiple abilities in different forms, savant syndrome, , 8 intelligences \newline \newline Sternberg - 3 intelligences, analytical, creative, practical \newline \newline divergent thinking, emotional intelligence, eugenics, \newline \newline Alfred Binet - mental age test (IQ)} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Personality Theories}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/sUrV6oZ3zsk} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Social Cognitive}} \newline \newline {\bf{Individual Difference}} Trait \newline \newline {\bf{Psychoanalytic}} \newline \newline {\bf{Humanistic}} \newline \newline {\bf{youtube:sUrV6oZ3zsk}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PERSONALITY - Social Cognitive}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sparkledaisy_1435348607_social.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Cognition. Proposed by "Bobo" Bandura \newline \newline Interaction between traits \& social contexts \newline Watch \& imitate others \& think about how that affects us. \newline We are creators \& products of the situations we surround ourselves with. \newline \newline Personal control = how much control we have over our environment. \newline \newline Reciprocal determinism - how people think and behave in their environment interacts to influence consistency of behavior} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PERSONALITY - Humanistic}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sparkledaisy_1435348168_personality.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{People basically good \newline \newline Carl Rogers "Self Theory" - person centered \newline true self - talents, thoughts, desires, feelings \newline self concept - what we think we are like \newline ideal self - what we think we would like to be \newline \newline self actualization - accept who you are \newline conditions of worth - hinder self actualization \newline \newline Self Esteem literature \newline \newline Maslow rejected standard tests and measured self concept through therapy and questionaires.} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THERAPY - Psychoanalytic Approach}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sparkledaisy_1435350127_chicken.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THERAPY - Learning/Behavioral}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{behavior modification \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) Use classical \& operant conditioning to change problem behaviors directly. Believe many were conditioned to begin with so can be "un" conditioned. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 3) {\bf{Counterconditioning}} conditioning a new response incompatible with old \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2) {\bf{systematic desensitization}} relaxation replaces anxiety systematically \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2) {\bf{flooding}} go straight into the fearful situation. CR is extinguished \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2) {\bf{aversive conditioning}} unpleasant response associated (alcohol + drug creating nausea UR \& CR) \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2) {\bf{token economy}} give token (poker chip/gold star) when desired behavior performed. tokens cashed in for tangible rewards% Row Count 15 (+ 3) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nervous System}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/OZG8M_ldA1M} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Graded potential, action potential, refractory period \newline \newline {\bf{youtube:OZG8M\_ldA1M}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Testing Reliability}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/erRnFk0s9h8} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Test-retest reliability, internal consistency, split-half reliability \newline \newline {\bf{youtube:erRnFk0s9h8}} \newline \newline Cronbach's alpha - measures reliability (.70 or higher) \newline \newline Validity, face valitidy (content), Predictive validity, construct validity \newline \newline Standardized \newline \newline {\emph{see Quizlet cards for definition of terms}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Diathesis-Stress Theory}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sparkledaisy_1436804132_diathesis.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Genetic predisposition (diathesis) + environmental factors (stress) = mood disorders} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY - Social Influence}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{direct/indirect pressures exerted by others to change one's behavior \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) {\bf{foot-in-the-door technique}} - get compliance with small request first \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2) {\bf{door-in-the-face technique}} - make request so big it's turned down, then on to smaller request \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2) {\bf{lowballing}} - get commitment then increase effort/cost required to fulfill \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2) {\bf{conformity}} - change behavior to follow group norms \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2) - Solomon Asch researcher used confederates to influence study results \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2) - Stanley Milgram researcher people susceptible to demands of authority% Row Count 14 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY - Aggression \& Altruism}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{frustration-aggression hypothesis}} aggression is always product of frustration and frustration leads to aggression (wrong, sometimes frustration= cry) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4) more testosterone = more aggression \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1) {\bf{aggressive cues}} - guns, knives, black clothing = higher levels of aggression among provoked people = {\bf{weapons effect}} \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3) {\bf{altruism}} \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1) {\bf{Kitty Genovese}} - raped and murdered 1964 in front of 38 witnesses who did not help ({\bf{bystander effect}}) \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 3) {\bf{social-exchange theory}} = maximize rewards minimize costs ({\bf{minimax principle}}) \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2) Encourage helping behavior: {\bf{social responsibility norm}} help people who need it \& {\bf{reciprocity norm}} help people who help us. {\bf{kin selection hypothesis}} helping family leads to our genes passed on% Row Count 19 (+ 5) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Whorfian Hypothesis}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/g0gkcY1SB-0} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{a theory in linguistics: one's language determines one's conception of the world \newline \newline The strong version says that language determines thought, and that linguistic categories limit and determine cognitive categories, whereas the weak version says only that linguistic categories and usage influence thought and certain kinds of non-linguistic behavior. \newline \newline {\bf{youtube:g0gkcY1SB-0}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Interval Reinforcement}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sparkledaisy_1436905219_schedule.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{reinforcements after a response at end of a given time period \newline \newline {\bf{variable interval schedule}} time between reinforcements changes \newline \newline {\bf{fixed interval schedule}} occur on the same day each week \newline \newline {\bf{ratio schedules}} partial reinforcement schedules (reinforcement delivered based on the number of correct responses). \newline \newline {\bf{fixed ratio schedule}} correct number of responses required remains the same \newline \newline {\bf{variable ratio schedule}} number of required responses changes} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Reinforcement}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Something that feels good is reinforcement (not punishment) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) {\bf{Positive reinforcement}} - stimulus \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1) a) presented \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1) b) desirable \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1) = feels good \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1) (earn \$1.00 for every magazine sold = sell more magazines) \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2) {\bf{negative reinforcement}} - stimulus \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1) a) REMOVED \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1) b) desirable \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1) = feels good \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1) (take aspirin to remove headache) \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1) {\emph{interval}} schedule = odds of reinforcement go up with passage of time \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2) {\emph{ratio}} schedule = odds of reinforcement go up depending on how many responses are made \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2) {\emph{variable ratio}} - number of responses needed vary from one win to the next% Row Count 19 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Drive}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sparkledaisy_1437431971_drive.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Drive = disrupts homeostasis \newline \newline Instinct = complex behavior, unlearned, same throughout species (baby smiles when eating sweets) \newline \newline drive reduction theory - physiological need creates an aroused tension state (drive) motivating fulfillment of the need -{}- homeostasis} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{How your ear works}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/HMXoHKwWmU8} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Ear Drum \newline Ossicles (Hammer/Malleus, Anvil, Stirrup) \newline Cochlea (hair cells on basilar membrane) receptors for hearing \newline \newline youtube:HMXoHKwWmU8} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{William James}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Conscience and behavior helped people and animals adjust to the environment \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) Functionalist \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1) {\emph{Principles of Physiological Psychology}} (1st Psychology text book 1890)% Row Count 5 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Functionalist Approach}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/fBTHhnWQgHw} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1890 \newline William James - Father of modern Psychology \newline \newline People function like a machine (industrial revolution) \newline Based on evolutionary thoughts (close to Darwin's "origin of species") \newline \newline youtube:fBTHhnWQgHw} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{It's all about {\bf{FUNCTION}}}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{How mental experiences were adaptive \& functional for people. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) Believed consciousness and behavior in general, helped people/animals adjust to environments. Understand "mind" = understanding what the mind has accomplished \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 4) William James% Row Count 7 (+ 1) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Behaviorist Approach}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{learned responses to predictable patterns of environmental stimuli \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) Pavlov (classical conditioning) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1) Skinner (operant conditioning) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1) study animals to apply to humans% Row Count 5 (+ 1) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Associative Learning}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/qG2SwE_6uVM} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{youtube:qG2SwE\_6uVM \newline \newline Subject links together certain events, behavior, stimuli in process of conditioning. \newline \newline {\bf{Classical Conditioning}} - Pavlovian, reflexive, elicited, pair 2 stimuli, CS + US, stimuli appear regardless of learner's behavior \newline \newline {\bf{Operant Conditioning}} - learning an association between stimulus and response (Reinforcement = increase in behavior Punishment=decreases behavior) BF Skinner \newline \newline {\bf{Observational Learning}} - we can learn by watching others} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{John B Watson}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/9hBfnXACsOI} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{youtube:9hBfnXACsOI \newline \newline 1878 – 1958 \newline Behaviorist. established the psychological school of behaviorism. \newline Conducted research on animal behavior, child rearing, and advertising \newline \newline "Little Albert" experiment (condition fear of a white rat into "Little Albert", an 11-month-old boy)} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{How your brain works}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/JiTz2i4VHFw} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Priming, Fast brain, Slow brain \newline \newline youtube:JiTz2i4VHFw} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Neurons}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/x4PPZCLnVkA} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Sensory (Afferent = To cell) receive info from senses \newline \newline Motor (Efferent = Away from cell) from spine/brain to signal muscle contractions \newline . \newline youtube:x4PPZCLnVkA \newline \newline Inter (Association = connecting) Think, see, perceive \newline \newline Neurotransmitters \newline \newline Electrical \& chemical process \newline Dendrites, axon, myelin sheath \newline neuron rest = -70 mV \newline {\bf{Glia}} = "neuronal glue" hold neurons together, provide nutrients} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Neurotransmitters}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/W4N-7AlzK7s} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{youtube:W4N-7AlzK7s} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Psychodynamic Approach}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{thoughts feelings behaviors come from interaction of drives \& society restrictions on your ability to express them \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3) Freud (sex/ aggressive drives most important) Much behavior unconscious \& rooted in childhood% Row Count 5 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sigmund Freud}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sparkledaisy_1435339223_freud.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1886 specialized in nervous disorders (talking cure) \newline free associate \newline \newline {\emph{Uber Coca}} 1st publication (about benefits of cocaine) \newline \newline 1900 {\emph{interpretation of dreams}} psychoanalysis \newline \newline ID - pleasure principle (immediate gratification, impulsive) (devil) \newline EGO - reality principle (mediates between id \& superego) (self) \newline SUPEREGO - morality principle (social part, get along with others) (angel) \newline \newline Phobia - cause when you want something you can't have} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{FREUD - Psychosexual Stages}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/mQaqXK7z9LM} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Psychosexual stages \newline 1. Oral stage \newline 2. Anal stage \newline 3. Phallic stage \newline \newline youtube:ZWucNQawpWY} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Defense Mechanisms}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Freud \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) {\bf{regression}} returning to earlier way of behaving (adult throwing temper tantrum) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2) {\bf{rationalization}} attempts to justify irrational behavior with rational arguments \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2) {\bf{projection}} attributing characteristics you don't like in yourself to other people \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2) {\bf{reaction formation}} involve doing opposite of what you really want to do \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2) {\bf{Sublimation}} channeling of impulses or energies regarded as unacceptable, especially sexual desires, toward activities regarded as more socially acceptable, often creative activities \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 4) {\bf{displacement }} anger is directed elsewhere not necessarily socially acceptably (kick the dog instead of your boss)% Row Count 16 (+ 3) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Humanistic Approach}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{people aren't merely machines with determined behaviors. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) Motivated by desire for optimal growth and development \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2) {\bf{self-actualization}} \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1) All have unique desires/skills/needs. Must be able to express them. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2) People basically good, focus on positive aspects of development.% Row Count 9 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Naturalistic Observation}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{inter-judge, inner-rater, inter-observer \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) Studied as occurs in real-life settings.% Row Count 2 (+ 1) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Eye}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sparkledaisy_1436805312_eye.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{two photoreceptors in retina, {\bf{rods}} \& {\bf{cones}} - change physical light energy into neural messages (transduction) \newline \newline The {\bf{rods}} more numerous, (120 million), \& more sensitive than cones. But they're not sensitive to color. \newline \newline The 6 to 7 million {\bf{cones}} provide eye's color sensitivity. They're more concentrated in the central yellow spot ({\bf{macula}}). In the center of that region is the "{\bf{fovea centralis}} ", a 0.3 mm diameter rod-free area with very thin, densely packed cones.} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Eye}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{iris}} = controls pupil size and amount of light \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2) {\bf{optic nerve}} = eye signals to brain \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1) {\bf{retina}} = light sensitive inner eye surface \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1) {\bf{lens}} = between pupil and retina, focuses light% Row Count 5 (+ 1) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Opponent Process Theory}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sparkledaisy_1437075408_opponent.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{There are some color combinations that we never see, such as reddish-green or yellowish-blue. \newline \newline Opponent-process theory suggests that color perception is controlled by the activity of three opponent systems. \newline \newline Three independent receptor types all have opposing pairs: white and black, blue and yellow, and red and green.} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Young-Helmholte Theory}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/Jzl9VPnA3OY} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{theory of color vision = the sensation of any color can be achieved by the superposition of pure red, green and blue colors \newline \newline (video mentions color blindness) \newline \newline {\bf{youtube:Jzl9VPnA3OY}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sensation}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Psychophisics-relating to sensation. \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) Absolute threshold = the intensity needed for stimulus to be detected 50\% of the time it is presented \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 3) Just noticeable difference (jnd) or the difference threshold = minimum stimulation required for detection. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3) Weber's law = Difference is harder to detect in more intense stimuli. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2) Sensory adaptation = prolonged exposure to an unchanging stimulus causes nerves to fire less and detection diminishes.% Row Count 12 (+ 3) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Sensation=related to transforming energy from outside stimulus into neural energy to be used for perception.} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Weber's Law}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/wVhiezByMSU} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{difference threshold increases in proportion to the intensity or magnitude of stimuli. Difference harder to notice with more intense stimuli than weaker ones. \newline \newline {\bf{youtube:wVhiezByMSU}} \newline \newline Difference in 40 - 60 watt bulb compared to 70 - 90 watt bulb (20 watts difference) \newline \newline {\emph{"Vader's" Law :)}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Heuristics}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sparkledaisy_1435255823_heuristic.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{representative heuristic}} - how similar or "representative" one event is. Assessing similarity of objects and organizing them based around the category prototype. \newline \newline {\bf{availability heuristic}} - judging the likelihood that an event will happen from what has happened in he past \newline \newline {\bf{heuristics}} - judgmental shortcuts generally get us where we need to go – quickly – but at the cost of occasionally sending us off course \newline \newline ({\bf{algorithm}} - always produces the answer, but takes longer)} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Psychological Disorders}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Anxiety}} - dread, fear, terror \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) - Generalized - persistent but don't know source, sweaty palms, shake, nail bite \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2) - Panic - sudden onset episodes \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1) - OCD - thoughts \& behavior \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1) {\bf{Mood}} - depression, mania or both \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1) - Major - 2 weeks of sadness, hopeless, discouragement \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2) - Bipolar \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1) {\bf{Dissociative}} - fragmented personality \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1) - Amnesia - can't remember personal info \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1) - Fugue - leaves work, confused, assumes new identity \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2) - Identity Disorder (multiple personality) \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1) {\bf{Schizophrenia}} - hallucinations, delusions \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1) - Paranoid - believe famous, delusions of grandeur or persecution \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2) - Disorganized - disorganized speech, inappropriate behavior \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 2) - Catatonic - odd motor activity, echopraxia, echolalia \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 2) {\bf{Somatoform}} - physical symptoms can't be explained medically \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 2) - Conversion - impaired motor/sensory function \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 1) - Hypochondria \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1) {\bf{Personality}} - behavior inconsistent to culture \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 2) - Paranoid - suspicious, distrustful (not delusional) \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 2) - Antisocial - impulsive, no conscience \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1) } \tn \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Psychological Disorders (cont)}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{ - Borderline - relationship/self image problems \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) - Narcissistic - needs admiration% Row Count 2 (+ 1) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PERSONALITY - Psychoanalytic Psychodynamic}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Jung, Adler, Horney, Erikson, \newline Rorschach-inkblot \newline Freud (sex, aggression) dream analysis \newline Freud and Jung - free association \newline \newline Thematic Apperception Test: pictures you narrate \newline \newline Behavior motivated by unconscious needs \newline People are basically bad} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Alfred Binet}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sparkledaisy_1435259166_binet.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{First to make intelligence test which determined test takers "mental" age. This has changed into the IQ test we are familiar with today. \newline \newline {\emph{A Method of Measuring the Development of Young Children}} \newline \newline Early 1900s \newline \newline mental age divided by chronological age X 100 = score} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Flynn Effect}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sparkledaisy_1436891314_flynn.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{nurture refers to the effects of the environment on development \newline \newline "secular rise in IQ scores" \newline \newline substantial and long-sustained increase in both fluid and crystallized intelligence test scores measured in many parts of the world from roughly 1930 to the present day. \newline \newline New test subjects take older tests, almost every case average scores are significantly above 100. Test score increases continuous \& approx. linear from earliest years of testing to present} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Carol Gilligan}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{attachment \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1) Mother - imprint (Konrad Lorenz) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1) (Harry Harlow - experiments with monkeys and attachment to mothers) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2) Boys = justice \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1) Girls = caring \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1) moral development based on relationship with mothers% Row Count 8 (+ 2) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Altered States}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/9PW1fwKjo-Y} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{youtube:9PW1fwKjo-Y}} \newline \newline Hypnosis, Hallucinations, Psycoactive drugs (effect brain) (pain) \newline \newline Dissociation - detach from surroundings while still conscious (split consciousness) \newline \newline {\bf{Depressants}} - alcohol, opiate, barb. (morphine, heroine) \newline - too much opiate ingestion and body stop making natural opiates (endorphins) = withdrawal \newline \newline {\bf{Stimulants}} - caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines (meth, ecstasy, cocaine) \newline \newline {\bf{Hallucinogens}} - plant, fungal, synthetic (LSD, psychedelics)} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pregnancy - First Trimester}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sparkledaisy_1435279226_embryo.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Zygote = 1 cell, sperm \& egg \newline \newline Embryo = attaches to uterine wall \newline \newline Fetus = movement occurs \newline \newline Teratogen = substance that causes birth defects \newline \newline reflexes = suck, swallow, touch} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Infant Reflexes}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/0V4x0iQODTk} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Babinski, Moro, Palmar Reflexes \newline \newline youtube:0V4x0iQODTk} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Moro Reflex}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/s_lAFst43TE} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Normal reflex in newborns - 3-4 months. \newline \newline {\bf{youtube:s\_lAFst43TE}} \newline \newline Absence of reflex may suggest injury to bones or spinal cord. \newline \newline AKA: Startle response; Startle reflex; Embrace reflex} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Babinski Reflex}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sparkledaisy_1436801005_babinski.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Normal in children up to 2 years old, disappears as the child gets older (maybe as early as 12 months) \newline \newline Present in a child older than 2 years/adult, often a sign of a brain or nervous system disorder - \newline •Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig disease) \newline •Brain tumor or injury \newline •Meningitis \newline •Multiple sclerosis \newline •Spinal cord injury, defect, or tumor \newline •Stroke \newline \newline \{\{link="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003294.htm"\}\}MedlinePlus\{\{/link\}\}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Palmar Reflex}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sparkledaisy_1436802163_baby.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{flexion of the fingers following tickling of the palm in infants. \newline \newline Reappearance may be attributed to certain neurological conditions (dementia, lesions, stroke)} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Helping Behaviors}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sparkledaisy_1436910628_help.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Social Exchange Theory}} human relationships are formed by the use of a subjective cost-benefit analysis and the comparison of alternatives \newline \newline {\bf{Social Responsibility norm}} obligation to act for the benefit of society at large \newline \newline {\bf{Bystander effect}} in a crowd, no one helps \seqsplit{https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cgE5q5rDlaA}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Reciprocity norm}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/ofxxvc1KPa8} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{We feel obligated to help those who have helped us. \newline \newline The kin-selection hypothesis is one explanation. \newline \newline {\bf{youtube:ofxxvc1KPa8}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Frustration Agression Hypothesis}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{ Video: http://youtu.be/oe8PJ8rVV0M} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Frustration produces a readiness for aggression if triggered \newline \newline {\bf{youtube:oe8PJ8rVV0M}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sensory Memory}} \tn \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sparkledaisy_1437072347_memory2.png}}} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{implicit}} (procedural) = being aware of how to do something without consciously know how \newline \newline {\emph{explicit}} (declarative) = being aware of what you know \newline \newline {\emph{iconic}} = brief photographic memory of an image \newline \newline {\emph{echoic}} = brief memory of an auditory stimulus \newline \newline {\emph{flashbulb}} = vivid memories of emotionally charged events \newline \newline {\emph{working}} = short-term memory} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{RESOURCES}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\{\{link="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLAZB0DTmEXqcj0RiY1n8locs-Cza5EsxJ"\}\}Youtube playlist\{\{/link\}\} with even more Psychology videos.% Row Count 3 (+ 3) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Motivation}} \tn \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Arousal Theory}} A theory of motivation suggesting that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of alertness and physical and mental activation. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4) {\bf{Instinct Theory}} all organisms are born with innate biological tendencies to help them survive. All behaviors are driven by instincts (goal-directed and innate patterns of behavior that are not the result of learning or experience). (babies root) \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 5) {\bf{Drive Reduction Theory}} physiological need creates an aroused tension state (drive) motivating fulfillment of the need -{}- homeostasis \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 3) {\bf{Theory X}} type X individuals are inherently lazy and unhappy with their jobs. Therefore, an authoritarian management style is required to ensure fulfillment of the individuals' objectives. \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 4) {\bf{Theory Y}} managers assume employees can be ambitious, self-motivated and exercise self-control. Employees enjoy their mental and physical work duties and for them, work is as natural as play% Row Count 20 (+ 4) } \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} % That's all folks \end{multicols*} \end{document}