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% Document Info
\author{Soraya (Soraya)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (wetenschapsfilosofie-engels-w7.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Soraya (Soraya))
  /Subject (Wetenschapsfilosofie Engels W7 Cheat Sheet)
}

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\noindent
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Wetenschapsfilosofie Engels W7 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Soraya (Soraya)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/19522/cs/2680/}}}
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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Soraya (Soraya) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/soraya} \\
        \uline{\seqsplit{truantsblog}.com}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 13th October, 2014.\\
   Updated 12th May, 2016.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cognitive Linguistics}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Overarching term for a large field (like functionalism)  ➝ Cognitive linguists believe that the storage and retrieval of linguistic data is not significantly different from the storage and retrieval of other knowledge. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 5)
{\bf{1. Cognitive linguists deny that the mind has any module for language-acquisition that is unique and autonomous.}} \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3)
↳ Contrasting with generative grammar \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
 ➝ Human linguistic ability is innate {\bf{but}} it is separate from the rest of cognition. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
{\bf{2. Cognitive linguists understand grammar in terms of conceptualization}} \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
 ➝  linguistic phenomena (phonemes, morphemes, etc.) are conceptual in nature \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
{\bf{3. Cognitive linguists claim that knowledge of language arises out of language use}} \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
● No clear demarcation between lexicon and grammar \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 2)
● Grammar can be described with symbolic assemblies in a similar way to those describing lexicon% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ronald Langacker (1942- )}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Cognitive grammar is a cognitive approach to language developed by Ronald Langacker, which considers {\bf{the basic units of language to be symbols or conventional pairings of a semantic structure with a phonological label}}.  \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 5)
Grammar consists of constraints on how these units can be combined to generate larger phrases which are also a pairing of semantics and phonology. The semantic aspects are modeled as image schemas rather than propositions, and because of the tight binding with the label, each can invoke the other.% Row Count 11 (+ 6)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cognitive Grammar}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{"Language is shaped and constrained by the functions it serves"}} (Langacker) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
● {\bf{semiological function:}} allowing conceptualizations to be symbolized by means of sound and gestures \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
↳ CG emphasises the semiological function of language \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
● {\bf{interactive function:}} involves communication, manipulation, expressiveness, and social communion \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 3)
↳ "fully acknowledges the grounding of language in social interaction"% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{"Grammar is symbolic in nature"}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Symbol:}} the pairing between a semantic structure and a phonological structure, such that one is able to evoke the other \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
{\bf{Cognitive Grammar:}} concerned with how symbols combine to form complex expressions \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
⚑ language is a gradation between lexicon and grammar, which in other frameworks tend to be viewed as separate% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Principles of CG (P.I.N.)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{INTEGRATION / NATURALNESS / PATIENCE \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
● {\bf{Principle of integration }}→ importance of considering information from multiple sources \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
● {\bf{Principle of naturalness }}→ consideration of semiological and interactive functions b2b biological, cognitive, and sociocultural grounding \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3)
● {\bf{Principle of patience}} → do not jump ahead of the theory% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Structures}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Semantic structure:}} conceptualizations exploited for linguistic purposes → signified  \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
{\bf{Phonological structure:}} sounds, gestures, orthographic representations → signifier \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
{\bf{Symbolic structure:}} not distinct from semantic and phonological structure rather incorporates them → sign% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{SEMANTIC STRUCTURE + \newline PHONOLOGICAL STRUCTURE =  \newline SYMBOLIC STRUCTURE}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Symbolic assemblies}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/soraya_1413229181_Screen Shot 2014-10-13 at 21.38.36.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Symbolic assemblies:}} structures of greater symbolic complexity  \newline → Morphemes have zero symbolic complexity}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Lexicon}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Cognitive linguist's {\bf{lexicon:}} the set of {\bf{fixed expressions}} in a language (not words)  \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
→ fixed expressions are conventionally established \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
→ no strict boundary between lexicon and nonlexical expressions \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
→  lexicon is to some extent shared among speakers of a language but to some extent also individual% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Basic lexical phenomena}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Association:}} association between a semantic and phonological structure in a symbolic relationship  \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
{\bf{Automatization:}} "through repetition or rehearsal, a complex structure is thoroughly mastered, to the point that using it is virtually automatic and requires little conscious monitoring" \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 4)
{\bf{Unit status:}} when an expression is so often used it becomes entrenched, e.g., the alphabet or the Pledge of Allegiance \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 3)
{\bf{Schematization:}} the process of extracting the commonality inherent in multiple experiences to arrive at a conception representing a higher level of abstraction \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 4)
→ {\emph{ring 'circular piece of jewelry worn on finger' → 'circular adornment worn on the body' → 'circular object' → 'circular entity'}} \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 4)
{\bf{Categorization:}} the interpretation of experience with respect to previously existing structures \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 2)
{\bf{Category:}} a set of elements judged equivalent for some purpose% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Grammar as Symbolic Assemblies}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/soraya_1413229904_Screen Shot 2014-10-13 at 21.50.35.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- The difference between lexicon and grammar is level of schematicity, \newline i.e., abstractness \newline ● Grammatical markers \newline ● Grammatical classes \newline ● Grammatical rules}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Content Requirement}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{the only elements ascribable to a linguistic system are:}} \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
(i) semantic, phonological, and symbolic structures that actually occur as parts of expressions; \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
(ii) schematizations of permitted structures; \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
(iii) categorizing relationships between permitted structures. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
{\bf{example w/ phonological structures}} \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
(i) specific elements are sufficiently frequent to become entrenched as units \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
(ii) segments and syllables can be schematized (natural classes, schematic templates of syllable structure, etc.) \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 3)
(iii) categorizing relationships between schemas and their instantiations% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\end{tabularx}
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% That's all folks
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