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% Document Info
\author{Soraya (Soraya)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (wetenschapsfilosofie-engels-w5.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Soraya (Soraya))
  /Subject (Wetenschapsfilosofie Engels W5 Cheat Sheet)
}

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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Wetenschapsfilosofie Engels W5 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Soraya (Soraya)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/19522/cs/2667/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Soraya (Soraya) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/soraya} \\
        \uline{\seqsplit{truantsblog}.com}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 11th October, 2014.\\
   Updated 10th May, 2016.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Structuralism to Generativism}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{• Generativism as succeeded by structuralism (de Saussure); \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
• Structuralism w/ emphasis on segmentation and classification; cataloguing elements, their relations and distributions; \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
• Structuralism's main contribution: methodological (according to Chomsky); the idea of language as a formal system; \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3)
• Structuralism makes it possible to address the problems posed by UG (SR p5).% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Noam Chomsky (1928-)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/soraya_1413034628_Screen Shot 2014-10-11 at 15.35.45.png}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{• creator of the theory of {\bf{generative grammar}}, one of the most significant contributions to the field of linguistics in the 20th century; \newline • genuine insights in linguistics imply an understanding of aspects of mental processing and human nature}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mentalistic Approach of Generativism}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Generativism forms a return to Kant: \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
• {\bf{similarities:}} emphasis on mental structures which experience (learning a language) can order ('setting the parameters'), but which cannot be derived from experience (they are genetically determined); \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 5)
• {\bf{difference:}} for Chomsky, these structures are not just transcendental, found only through philosophical reflection, but can form the object of empirical (cognitive psychological) research.% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{A Universal Grammar (UG)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{➝  the ability to learn grammar is hard-wired \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
➝  provides insight into the use and acquisition of language \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
➝  not just descriptive but also explanatory \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
➝ distinction between deep structure and surface structure \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
Chomsky advocates a return to the idea of a universal grammar; the kind of grammar that flourished in the 17th and 18th centuries; \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3)
{\bf{"concerned with general features of language structure rather than with particular idiosyncracies"}}% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The decline of universal grammar}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Tradition of universal grammar came to an end in the 19th century: \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
➝  dismissed as {\bf{too metaphysical}}; \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
➝ {\bf{too ambitious:}} "the problems posed were beyond the scope of the technique and understanding then available" \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3)
➝ {\bf{the problem of rule-governed creativity}}: how is it that from an early age onwards, children can create sentences they have never heard?  \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3)
➝ ousted by IE comparative linguistics% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Generative grammar}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{• {\bf{Object of research:}} syntax only (autonomous component) (SR p21); \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
• {\bf{Only this part of the grammar is susceptible to rules:}} "The fundamental aim in the linguistic analysis of a language L is to separate the {\bf{grammatical}} sequences which are sentences of L from the {\bf{ungrammatical}} sequences which are not sentences of L and to study the grammatical sequences. The grammar of L will thus be a device that generates all of the grammatical sequences of L and none of the ungrammatical ones." (SR p18)% Row Count 11 (+ 9)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Grammaticalness}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Grammaticalness cannot be determined by: \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- a corpus of utterances (performance)  \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
- meaning (semantics): \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
- frequency of use \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
the rules of grammar as formulated in the language of mathematics and logic; \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
{\bf{economy:}} by specifying a finite number of rules the grammar can generate an infinite number of sentences ({\bf{recursivity}}); \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3)
accounts for creativity in language% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{S ➝ NP + VP \newline VP ➝  V + NP  \newline NP ➝ D + N  \newline D ➝ the \newline N ➝  boy, dog  \newline V ➝  chased \newline {\emph{The boy chased the dog}} \newline {\emph{The dog chased the boy}}}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chomsky's Evaluation}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{• Linguistic theory must provide the means to evaluate possible grammars \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
➝ {\bf{Possible grammars:}} devices that generate the grammatical sentences of a language \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
• Such a grammar must be {\bf{descriptively adequate}} in the sense that it is able to disambiguate ambiguous sentences, i.e., sentences with an identical surface structure (signal, form), but with different semantic interpretations (deep structures)% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Competence vs Performance vs Saussure}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Performance}}: what speakers do (= de Saussure's parole);  \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
{\bf{Competence:}} an individual native speaker's implicit knowledge of the language (≠ de Saussure's langue) \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
➝ Both de Saussure and Chomsky regard language as a system and ignore individual speech acts; \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
➝ Chomsky's competence is a psychological phenomenon, imprinted in the mind, not a shared generality but a genetic endowment in each individual; its basis is universal grammar; \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 4)
➝ de Saussure's langue is a socio-psychological phenomenon shared among a community of speakers and is language specific. \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 3)
• "The only legitimate object of linguistic research is the competence of the ideal native speaker" (Chomsky)% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Innateness vs UG}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{• "a universal grammar – a general theory of linguistic structure that determines the form of grammar – is primarily of interest for the information it provides concerning innate intellectual structure" \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 5)
• language acquisition and use are made possible by a particular component in the human mind: the language faculty, consisting of a Universal Grammar; \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 4)
• languages scarcely differ at the level of deep structure – which reflects the basic properties of thought and conception – but that they may vary widely at the much less interesting level of surface structure \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 5)
➝ the rapid language acquisition of children \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
➝ the poverty of the stimulus; \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
➝ creative language use of native speakers; \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
➝ competent critical period (sensitive period) \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
➝ gave rise to the nature vs nurture debate% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Generativism: a new paradigm (Kuhn)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{• {\bf{field:}} syntax as an autonomous component \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
• {\bf{emphasis:}} {\bf{evaluation}} instead of discovery \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
• {\bf{tool:}} grammaticality judgments (i.e., informal elicitation) of data \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
{\bf{Principles \& Parameters:}} \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
➝  {\bf{Principles:}} abstract rules of grammar, common to all languages  \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
➝ {\bf{Parameters:}} markers or switches that are turned on or off for particular languages and determine variability \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 3)
{\bf{Government \& Binding Theory:}} \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
➝ {\bf{Government:}} an abstract syntactic relation mainly concerned w/ the assignment of case \textgreater{} all languages have abstract case though they may not have morphological case \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 4)
➝ {\bf{Binding:}} an abstract syntactic relation mainly concerned with the referents of pronouns, anaphors (reflexives) and referential expressions% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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% That's all folks
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