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% Document Info
\author{Soraya (Soraya)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (wetenschapsfilosofie-engels-w1-2.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Soraya (Soraya))
  /Subject (Wetenschapsfilosofie Engels W1-2 Cheat Sheet)
}

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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Wetenschapsfilosofie Engels W1-2 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Soraya (Soraya)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/19522/cs/2528/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Soraya (Soraya) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/soraya} \\
        \uline{\seqsplit{truantsblog}.com}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 11th October, 2014.\\
   Updated 11th May, 2016.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Essentialists}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Noam Chomsky}} / Generative Grammar  \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
➝ Primary subject matter: {\bf{Abstract universal principles that explain the properties of specific languages}} \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 3)
➝ The essence of our language is {\bf{innate}} \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
➝ The basis of language is {\bf{universal}} \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
➝ Semantics and pragmatics are {\bf{not}} a part of the study of language (Chomsky) \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
➝ {\bf{Descriptive}} grammar with a penchant for judgment elicitation and intuition \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
➝ Goal: {\bf{An internalized generative device that characterizes an infinite set of expressions}}% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Emergentists}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Edward Sapir}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
➝ "Language is primarily a cultural or social product." \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
➝ Primary subject matter: {\bf{Linguistic communication, cognition, variation and change}} \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
➝ Cognitive, cultural, historical and evolutionary explanations of linguistic phenomena \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
➝ Children's language as a series of stages in an ontogenetic process of developing adult competence \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 3)
➝ Goal: {\bf{A mainly conventional and culturally transmitted system for linguistic communication}}% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Externalists}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Leonard Bloomfield}} / "structuralists"  \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
➝ Primary subject matter: {\bf{Language use: structural properties of expressions and languages}} \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
➝ Use of corpora \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
➝ Descriptions of expression structures and interrelations \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
➝ {\bf{Prediction}} of properties \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
➝ {\bf{Patterns}} inferable from accessible features of language use \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
➝ Goal: {\bf{A grasp of the distributional properties of a language}}% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{I-Language}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Individual:}} strictly a property of individual human beings, not groups or communities. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
{\bf{Internal:}} meaning is internal and a language is a state your mind/brain is in. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
{\bf{Intensional:}} a language is a specific procedure, generating infinitely many expressions of that language. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
➝ Essentialist notion. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
➝ Study of language in isolation. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
➝ Two people could know different I-languages yet generate the same string of words.% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{E-Language}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Extensional:}} research-based on attested utterances or extensionally definable objects. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
{\bf{External:}} view that conceives of a language as a public, intersubjectively accessible system used by a community of people. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
➝ Other speakers can be involved in the study of a language, not just one object. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
➝ Essentialists oppose this notion.% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Competence/Performance}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{➝ {\bf{Essentialist distinction}} (Chomsky) \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
➝ {\bf{Competence:}} what knowing a language confers, a grasp of all sentences \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
➝ {\bf{Performance:}}  real-time use of a language \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
➝ {\bf{Criticism:}} "The structure that underlines a language use reflects the operation of general principles of human cognition, they shape how individual speakers and hearers represent form and meaning."% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Semantics}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{➝ {\bf{Chomsky}}: "Semantics are merely a part of an interface level/form of syntax and are not related to the language faculty." (not {\emph{all}} Essentialists agree with this view) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
➝ {\bf{Bloomfield}}: "It is okay to assign semantics to other fields than language because of the underdeveloped state of semantic research." \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
➝ {\bf{Autonomy thesis}}: syntactic form is independent from semantics and pragmatics.% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Scales}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Ordinal scale}}: a partial ordering equivalence in acceptability or ranking in degree of unacceptability. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
{\bf{Interval scale}}: a measure of distance between ordinal positions. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
{\bf{Magnitude estimation}}: a measure of subjects' judgments of physical stimuli on an interval scale.% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}