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\author{Soraya (Soraya)}
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  /Title (wetenschapsfilosofie-engels-overzicht.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Soraya (Soraya))
  /Subject (Wetenschapsfilosofie Engels Overzicht Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Wetenschapsfilosofie Engels Overzicht Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Soraya (Soraya)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/19522/cs/2668/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Soraya (Soraya) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/soraya} \\
        \uline{\seqsplit{truantsblog}.com}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 13th October, 2014.\\
   Updated 12th May, 2016.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Externalism (Leonard Bloomfield):}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{⬩ {\bf{Primary phenomena:}} Actual utterances as produced by language users \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
⬩ {\bf{Primary subject matter:}} Language use; structural properties of expressions and languages \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
⬩ {\bf{Aim:}} To describe attested expression structure and interrelations, and predicting properties of unattested expressions \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
⬩ {\bf{Linguistic structure:}} A system of patterns, inferrable from generally accessible, objective features of language use \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 3)
⬩ {\bf{Values:}} Accurate modeling of linguistic form that accords with empirical data and permits prediction concerning unconsidered cases \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 3)
⬩ {\bf{Children's language:}} A nascent form of language, very different from adult linguistic competence \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 3)
⬩ {\bf{What is acquired:}} A grasp of the distributional properties of the constituents of expressions of a language% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Emergentism (Edward Sapir)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Emergentism:}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
⬩ {\bf{Primary phenomena:}} Facts of social cognition, interaction, and communication \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
⬩ {\bf{Primary subject matter:}} Linguistic communication, cognition, variation, and change \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
⬩ {\bf{Aim:}} To explain structural properties of languages in terms of general cognitive mechanisms and communicative functions \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3)
⬩ {\bf{Linguistic structure:}} A system of constructions that range from fixed idiomatic phrases to highly abstract productive types \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 3)
⬩ {\bf{Values:}} Cognitive, cultural, historical, and evolutionary explanations of phenomena found in linguistic communication systems \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 3)
⬩ {\bf{Children's language:}} A series of stages in an ontogenetic process of developing adult communicative competence \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 3)
⬩ {\bf{What is acquired:}} A mainly conventional and culturally transmitted system for linguistic communication% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Essentialism (Noam Chomsky)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{⬩ {\bf{Primary phenomena:}} Intuitions of grammaticality and literal meaning \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
⬩ {\bf{Primary subject matter:}} Abstract universal principles that explain the properties of specific languages \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
⬩ {\bf{Aim:}} To articulate universal principles and providing explanations for deep and cross-linguistically constant linguistic properties \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3)
⬩ {\bf{Linguistic structure:}} A system of abstract conditions that may not be evident from the experience of typical language users \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 3)
⬩ {\bf{Values:}} Highly abstract, covering-law explanations for properties of language as inferred from linguistic intuitions \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 3)
⬩ {\bf{Children's language:}} Very similar to adult linguistic competence though obscured by cognitive, articulatory, and lexical limits \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 3)
⬩ {\bf{What is acquired:}} An internalized generative device that characterizes an infinite set of expressions% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Week 2}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{I-LANGUAGE}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
{\bf{Individual:}} strictly a property of individual human beings, not groups or communities. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
{\bf{Internal:}} meaning is internal and a language is a state your mind/brain is in. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
{\bf{Intensional:}} a language is a specific procedure, generating infinitely many expressions of that language. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3)
{\emph{E-LANGUAGE}} \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
{\bf{Extensional:}} research-based on attested utterances or extensionally definable objects. \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 3)
{\bf{External: }}view that conceives of a language as a public, intersubjectively accessible system used by a community of people. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 3)
➝ {\bf{Competence:}} what knowing a language confers, a grasp of all sentences \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
➝ {\bf{Performance:}} real-time use of a language \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 2)
{\bf{Methodologies:}} \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
- {\bf{Corpus Collection:}} gathering a body of naturally occurring utterances. \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 2)
- {\bf{Controlled Experimentation:}} testing informants in some way that directly gauges their linguistic capacities. \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 3)
- {\bf{Informal Elicitation:}} asking an informant for a metalinguistic judgment on an expression ➝ most widely used and criticized. \newline % Row Count 28 (+ 3)
{\bf{Ordinal scale:}} a partial ordering equivalence in acceptability or ranking in degree of unacceptability. \newline % Row Count 31 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\vfill
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Week 2 (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Interval scale:}} a measure of distance between ordinal positions.% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Week 3}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{• {\bf{Labov's Principles:}} the consensus principle, the experimenter principle, the clear case principle   \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
• {\bf{Corpus collection:}} gathering a body of naturally occurring utterances \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
• {\bf{Whorfianism:}} one's language determines one's conception of the world \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
➝ {\bf{phenotype vs. cryptotype:}} overt and covert grammatical categories \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
➝ {\bf{weak vs. strong hypothesis:}} language {\bf{determines}} OR {\bf{influences}} thought \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
• {\bf{language acquisition:}} all three approaches agree that some unlearned capacities are necessary to learn language. \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 3)
➝ {\bf{general vs. linguistic nativists:}} languages are acquired mainly through inductive methods versus language cannot be acquired by defeasible inductive methods,  its structural principles must to a very large degree be unlearned% Row Count 19 (+ 5)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Week 4}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{• {\bf{Structuralism:}} the shift from diachronic (historical) to synchronic (non-historical) analysis, studies of associations \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
• {\bf{De Saussure:}} father of modern linguistics \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
• {\bf{Laryngeal theory:}} system including number of phonemes, usually called laryngeals, of which the various IE dialects other than the Anatolian languages show no direct reflexes \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 4)
• {\bf{Object of linguistics:}} the language (Saussure's 'langue') as an abstract system \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
{\bf{Langage:}} universal system which has an underlying, fundamental, structure so that linguistic communication can work. \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 3)
{\bf{Langue:}} the actual language spoken, e.g. French, German or English.  \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
{\bf{Parole:}} the individual speech act.  \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
{\bf{Signified:}} the concept part \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
{\bf{Signifier:}} the sound-image part \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
{\bf{Sign:}} designates this whole relationship \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
{\bf{The principle of arbitrariness:}} there is no direct connection between the sound-image and the concept; \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 3)
{\bf{Signification:}} concerns the (vertical) relation between a signifier and its signified; \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 2)
{\bf{Value:}} concerns the (horizontal) relation between signifieds \& signifiers \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 2)
{\bf{Syntagmatic relations: }}relations between elements that are combined within one larger system; these relations define the possible combinations of elements (their distribution) at various levels (word, sentence); "The syntagmatic relation is in praesentia." \newline % Row Count 32 (+ 6)
} \tn 
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\vfill
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Week 4 (cont)}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Associative relations:}} relations between elements that have a common association (to teach, teacher, pupil etc.); terms in an associative family; "the associative relation unites term in absentia". \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 5)
• Prague School ➝  inauguration of phonology; Linguistic Circle of Copenhagen ➝  glossematics; American structuralism ➝ start from scratch% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Week 5}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Generativism:}}  languages are systems with limited sets of linguistics item out of which we can generate endless number of sentences (Chomsky) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
{\bf{Structural linguistics:}} method of synchronic linguistic analysis employing structuralism, especially in contrasting those formal structures, such as phonemes or sentences, that make up systems, such as phonology or syntax. (Saussure) \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 5)
{\bf{Descriptive linguistics:}} the study of the description of the internal phonological, grammatical, and semantic structures of languages at given points in time without reference to their histories or to one another \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 5)
{\bf{Universal grammar:}} the ability to learn grammar is hard-wired into the brain. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
A string of words is{\bf{ grammatical}} if it follows the principles of grammar of a language, {\bf{ungrammatical}} if it does not. According to Chomsky, grammatical sentences should be judged as appropriate sentences of a language by native speakers of the language.% Row Count 21 (+ 6)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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% That's all folks
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