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% Document Info
\author{Soraya (Soraya)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (4-de-man-lejeune-and-bergson.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Soraya (Soraya))
  /Subject (4. De Man, Lejeune, \& Bergson Cheat Sheet)
}

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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{4. De Man, Lejeune, \& Bergson Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Soraya (Soraya)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/19522/cs/2999/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Soraya (Soraya) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/soraya} \\
        \uline{\seqsplit{truantsblog}.com}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 9th December, 2014.\\
   Updated 12th May, 2016.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Henri Bergson (1859-1941)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Creative Evolution}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{"The Evolution of Life – Mechanism and Teleology" (1907)}}: An evolution in which a free emergence of the individual intelligence could be recognized. Bergson based his theory on the distinction between matter and the élan vital, or life force, the progress of which he saw as a line continually bifurcating or diverging from its course.  \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 7)
{\bf{Duration:}} the subjective experience of time → connected to memory \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
{\bf{Élan vital:}} the vital impetus linked to creative intuition (not thinking) that motivates evolution \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 3)
Theory of Knowledge vs. Theory of Life% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Mold of Individuality}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{"who can say where individuality begins and ends, whether the living being is one or many, whether it is the cells which associate themselves into the organism or the organism which dissociates itself into cells? In vain, we force the living into this or that one of our molds. All the molds crack. They are too narrow, above all too rigid, for what we try to put into them"% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Reality vs. Imitation}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{"'It is no longer reality itself,' it says, 'that will reconstruct, but {\bf{only an imitation of the real, or rather a symbolical image; the essence of things escape us always}}; we move among relations; the absolute is not in our province; we are brought to a stand before the Unknowable.' – But for the human intellect, after too much pride, this is really {\bf{an excess of humility}}"% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{On autobiography}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{One's identity isn't fixed but rather ever-changing, which implies that the author of an autobiography could not be the same as the character in it, having had more experience while writing.% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Duration states}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{"The truth is that we change without ceasing, and that the state itself is nothing but change {[}...{]} the transition is continuous" (2). \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
{\bf{Observing an object:}} perspective, time, emotion \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
Unforeseen events are part of duration; we only focus our attention on them because they are interesting \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3)
{\bf{Artificial bond:}} we must reunite these events. We imagine these events like "beads of a necklace" on a "colorless substratum" (ego) \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 3)
{\bf{Cerebral Mechanism:}} drives back into the unconscious almost the whole of the past, allowing through only what is useful \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 3)
Impulse: we vaguely feel that our past remains present and it is this past with which we desire, will, and act (not think)% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Paul de Man (1919-1983)}}  \tn
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Summary De-facement}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{De Man seeks to explore the limits of autobiography. He combats the idea of autobiography as a closed construction as produced by life itself and instead questions whether the very shape of this outcome defines or alters whom it references to in the first place. By doing so, he posits that the distinction between fiction and reality as posited to underlie autobiography is "undecidable" (921), as its limits cannot clearly be demarcated.  The autobiography should not be considered a literary genre because it does not seem to fit within any generic definition. Autobiography logically seems to depend on reality, unlike literature which is fictive. De Man however theorizes that "the distinction between fiction and autobiography is not an either/or polarity" and in effect autobiographies require a different way of reading or understanding. Every text in this sense contains an autobiographical element.% Row Count 19 (+ 19)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Philippe Lejeune (1938-)}}  \tn
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Le Pacte Autobiographique (1975)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Philippe Lejeune talks of the "autobiographical pact" – the reader's implicit belief that the author, narrator and protagonist of an autobiography are one and the same. Lejeune does see autobiography as fitting within literature, and emphasises the importance of the language an author uses in order to represent (what he perceives as) reality.% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Autobiographical Pact}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{"Is there not confusion, in most of the arguments concerning autobiography, between the notion of identity and that of resemblance?" \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
{\bf{Autobiographical pact: }} there is no real difference between the narrator, author and protagonist in both autobiographies and autobiographical novels \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 4)
{\bf{Biography:}} "retrospective prose narrative written by a real person concerning his own existence, where the focus is his individual life, in particular the story of his personality" \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 4)
Identity, Resemblance, Grammatical person, identity of the individual, Autodiegetic, Heterodiegetic, Homodiegetic% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Diagram Lejeune}}  \tn
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}