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\author{Soraya (Soraya)}
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  /Title (1-2-eagleton-plato-and-aristotle.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Soraya (Soraya))
  /Subject (1 - 2 Eagleton, Plato \& Aristotle Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{1 - 2 Eagleton, Plato \& Aristotle Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Soraya (Soraya)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/19522/cs/2996/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Soraya (Soraya) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/soraya} \\
        \uline{\seqsplit{truantsblog}.com}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 9th December, 2014.\\
   Updated 11th May, 2016.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Terry Eagleton (1943 - )}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The role of literature in society}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Eagleton points to a perspectival shift from literature conferring a "greatness and {[}...{]} noble spirit" on the reader (Arnold 1869) to it being a powerful tool of social control of the middle and working classes in the Victorian Era (Eagleton 1983). \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 6)
Marxist commentator on literary theory: \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
• Extends concept of ideology to literature \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
• Asserts that literature does not reflect but {\bf{actively produces}} ideology \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
• Thereby, the study of literature is political \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
The growth of the study of literature coincides with "the failure of religion" in the Victorian Era due to the "twin impacts" of: \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 3)
• {\bf{Scientific discovery:}} daguerrotype (1840s), germ theory of disease (1850s), Darwin \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
• {\bf{Social change:}} Factory Act, Pubic Health Acts, Education Act, Married Women's Property Act, Matrimonial% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Power of Religion}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Used by the ruling class to control the masses through {\bf{ideology}}, that is, less by specific rules and more by {\bf{ritual and mythology}} \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
- Religion is {\bf{affective}} (mood, feeling, attitude) and {\bf{experiential}} (based on one's experiences) → irrational hence hard to break% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Literature "is an ideology"}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Provides "timeless truths" to sweeten the pill of the social situation: \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
– Pride in nation: language and culture \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
– Reverence for achievements \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
– Sense of position within society \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
– An escape – by virtual experience – into another place or life \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
This can be seen more explicitly in who it was designed for:  \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
– "working men's colleges" \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
– women who sought to become school teachers \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
– army men during the colonial period% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Great founding fathers}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Socrates → Plato → Aristotle}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
• No known works of Socrates \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
• It is assumed that Plato took many ideas from Socrates \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
• Socrates is a key figure in in Republic/mouthpiece of Plato  \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
• Plato founded the Academy in 387 BCE, an institution devoted to research and instruction in philosophy and the sciences (mathematics and logic) for the \seqsplit{"philosopher-rulers/philosopher-} kings/guardians" of society \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 5)
• Aristotle was Plato's pupil at the Academy and eventually became a teacher himself% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plato (ca. 427-347 BCE)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Questions of Being:}} What is the purpose of life, what is the real? \newline {\bf{Questions of Society:}} What is justice, what is a just man? \newline {\bf{Questions of Art:}} What is the use of art, which arts should be allowed?}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Republic Summary}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Philosophy:}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
Rational – based on higher faculty of the \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
mind: Reason and Law \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
Communal, Adult, Moral \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
Permits men to rise above the self and focus attention on the steady, calm, unshakable faculties of the mind \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
{\bf{The Arts:}} \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
Irrational – based on lower faculty \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
of the mind: Pleasure and Pain \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
Selfishly Indulgent, Childish, Perverse \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
Distracts men with emotion, prestige, wealth, political power, \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
\seqsplit{and} art itself \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
User \textgreater{} Knowledge \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
Maker \textgreater{} Belief \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
Representer \textgreater{} Neither% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Aristotle against Plato}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{"Representation is natural to human beings from childhood. They differ from the other animals in this: man tends most towards representation and learns his first lessons through representation." \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
"Also everyone delights in representations {[}...{]}. The cause of this is that learning is most pleasant {[}...{]} they delight in seeing images, because it comes about that they learn as they observe, and infer what each thing is, e.g. that this person {[}represents{]} that one" (90).% Row Count 10 (+ 6)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Aristotle (384-322 BCE)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Poetics (ca. 335 BCE)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Categorization and Logical differentiation:}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- Invented the scientific method of analysis \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
- Codified the divisions of knowledge into disciplines and sub-disciplines: physics, chemistry, biology, psychology, etc. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
- Departs from Plato's transcendental philosophy to instead be more pragmatic (less emotional and more logical—and sees the value in emotion) \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3)
{\bf{Poetics:}} \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
- Inaugural system of literary criticism and theory: genre, structure, form, etc. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
- Six salient points of tragedy: plot, character, reasoning, diction, song, spectacle% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Division of Poetry: Comedy and Tragedy}}  \tn
% Row 0
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TRAGEDY & COMEDY \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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Grand people of fine actions & Ordinary people of inferior actions \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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Hymns and praise poems & The laughable \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
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Greater and more honorable than epic poetry & Greater and more honorable than lampoon \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{"When tragedy and comedy appeared, people were attracted to each {[}kind of{]} composition according to their own particular natures" (91).}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Elements of Tragedy}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. Plot: complete, whole action which has some magnitude  \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- Beginning, middle, end \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
- Reversal of position (Peripeteia) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
- Recognition of fate (Anagnorisis) \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
2. Character: reveals decision, of whatever sort \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
3. Reasoning: being able to say what is possible and appropriate, what is or is not  \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
4. Diction \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
5. Song \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
6. Spectacle: enthralling but artless (and unnecessary)% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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% That's all folks
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