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% Document Info
\author{sjm}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (sql-commands.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (sjm)
  /Subject (SQL commands Cheat Sheet)
}

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\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
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    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{SQL commands Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{sjm} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/62460/cs/16026/}}}
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\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}sjm \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/sjm} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 24th July, 2019.\\
   Updated 24th July, 2019.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.72 cm} x{5.28 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Terminology - Basic Manipulation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{SQL}} & A programming language designed to manipulate \& manage data stored in relational databases \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
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\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{relational database}} & A database that organizes information into one or more tables. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{table}} & A collection of data organized into rows \& columns. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{statement}} & A string of characters that the database recognizes as a valid command. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{primary key}} & Column in table that is unique to each row w/ no NULL values. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{foreign key}} & Primary key of table1 that appears in table2. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.36 cm} x{4.64 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Commands - Basic Manipulation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`SHOW DATABASES` & list all available databases \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
`USE` database & use specified database \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`SHOW TABLES` {[}FROM database{]} & list tables in database \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
`DESCRIBE` table & list column headers in table \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`SHOW FIELDS FROM` table & list all fields \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
`SHOW COLUMNS FROM` table & list all columns (fields) + column type etc \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`SHOW COLUMNS FROM` table & list all columns (fields) + column type etc \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
`SHOW INDEX FROM` table & list all indexes from table \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.76 cm} x{6.24 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Terminology - queries}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{operators}} & Operators create a condition that can be evaluated as either {\emph{true}} or {\emph{false}}. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.8 cm} x{5.2 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Commands - operators}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{=}} & equal to \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{!=}} & not equal to \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{\textgreater{}}} & greater than \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{\textless{}}} & less than \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{\textgreater{}=}} & greater than or equal to \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{\textless{}=}} & less than or equal to \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`IS NULL` & is null \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
`IS NOT NULL` & is not null \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} x{7.2 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Wildcards}}  \tn
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* & Matches any number or type of character(s). \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
\_ & Matches any individual character. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
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\% & Matches zero or more missing letters in the pattern. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{0.836 cm} x{3.42 cm} x{3.344 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Commands - queries}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{`SELECT`} & Identify columns to return in query. & SELECT column FROM table; \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
`AS` & Renames a column or table using an alias. & SELECT column AS 'alias' FROM table; \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{`DISTINCT`} & Used to return unique values in the output. Filters out all duplicate values in the specified column(s). & SELECT DISTINCT column FROM table; \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{`LIKE`} & Operator used with WHERE clause to search for a specific pattern in a column. & WHERE column LIKE 'text';   (or NOT LIKE) \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`AND` & Operator used to combine multiple conditions in a WHERE clause; ALL must be true. & WHERE column condition1 AND column condition2; \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
`OR` & Operator used to combine multiple conditions in a WHERE clause; ANY must be true. & WHERE column condition1 OR column condition2; \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{`BETWEEN`} & Operator used in a WHERE clause to filter the result set within a certain range (numbers, text, or dates). & WHERE column BETWEEN 'A' AND 'B'; \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 6)
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{ `BETWEEN` two letters }}is not{\emph{ inclusive of the 2nd letter. \newline }} `BETWEEN` two numbers {\emph{is}} inclusive of the 2nd number.}  \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.72 cm} x{5.28 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Terminology - Aggregate Functions}}  \tn
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{\emph{aggregates}} & Calculations performed on multiple rows of a table. \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
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\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{aggregate functions}} & Combine multiple rows together to form a single value of more meaningful information. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{clause}} & A clause is used with aggregate functions; used in collaboration with the SELECT statement. \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.296 cm} x{2.232 cm} x{2.952 cm} p{0.72 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Commands - Aggregate Functions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{`COUNT()`} & Count the number of rows & `SELECT COUNT(`column`) FROM `table`;` &  \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{`SUM()`} & The sum of the values in a column & `SELECT SUM(`column`) FROM `table`;` &  \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{`MAX()`} / \seqsplit{`MIN()`} & The \seqsplit{largest/smallest} value in a column & `SELECT MAX(`column`) FROM `table`;` &  \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{`AVG()`} & The average (mean) of the values in a column & `SELECT AVG(`column`) FROM `table`;` &  \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{`ROUND()`} & Round the values in a column & `SELECT ROUND(`column, integer`) FROM `table`;` &  \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.72 cm} x{0.936 cm} x{3.024 cm} x{2.52 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Clauses}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
1. & \seqsplit{`WHERE`} & Restrict the results of a query based on values of individual rows within a column. &  \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
2. & \seqsplit{`GROUP} BY` & A clause used with aggregate functions to combine data from one or more columns. Arrange identical data into groups. &  \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 8)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
3. & \seqsplit{`HAVING`} & Limit the results of a query based on an aggregate property. &  \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
4. & \seqsplit{`ORDER} BY` & Sort results by column. & `ORDER BY` column `ASC/DESC` \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
5. & \seqsplit{`LIMIT`} & Maximum number of rows to return. &  \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{8.4cm}}{ie.  \newline `SELECT column, AGG(column)` \newline `FROM table` \newline `{\bf{CLAUSE}} column;` \newline  \newline Clauses can refer to a column name, or to a column reference number (assigned by order column referred to in statement).}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} p{0.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{If-then - CASE}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{`{\bf{SELECT}}` columns, \newline ~ `{\bf{CASE}}` \newline ~~~ `{\bf{WHEN}}` column condition1 `{\bf{THEN}}` action1 \newline ~~~ `{\bf{WHEN}}` column condition2 `{\bf{THEN}}` action2 \newline ~~~ `{\bf{ELSE}}` action3 \newline ~ `{\bf{END}}` `{\bf{AS}}` 'renamed\_column' \newline `{\bf{FROM}}` table;}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.748 cm} x{2.964 cm} x{2.888 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Combining tables - JOIN}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`JOIN` {\emph{(inner join)}} & combine rows from different tables if the join condition is true; drops unmatched rows &  \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
`LEFT JOIN / RIGHT JOIN` & return every row in the {\emph{left/right}} table; if join condition not met, `NULL` values used to fill in columns from the {\emph{right/left}} table &  \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 10)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`OUTER JOIN` & return unmatched rows from {\emph{both}} tables; unmatched fields filled with `NULL` &  \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
`CROSS JOIN` & combine all rows of 1 table with all rows of another table; does NOT require joining on a specific column &  \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 7)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`UNION` & stacks 1 dataset on top of another; tables must have same \# columns \& same data types/order columns & `SELECT * FROM `table1` UNION SELECT * FROM` table2; \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{`{\bf{SELECT}} {\emph{` \newline `{\bf{FROM}}` table1 \newline `{\bf{JOIN}}` table2 \newline ~~`{\bf{ON}}` table1.id = table2.id; \newline  \newline ie. \newline `{\bf{SELECT}}` table1.column1, \newline ~~`{\bf{COUNT(*) AS}}` }}renamed\_output* \newline ~~`{\bf{FROM}}` table1 \newline `{\bf{CROSS JOIN}}` table2 \newline `{\bf{WHERE}}` table2.column1 `{\bf{\textless{}=}}` table1.column1 \newline ~~`{\bf{AND}}` table2.column2 `{\bf{\textgreater{}=}}` table1.column1 \newline `{\bf{GROUP BY}}` table1.column1;}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Combining tables - WITH statements}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{FYI! MySQL prior to version 8.0 doesn't support the WITH clause.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{`{\bf{WITH}}` {\emph{previousQueryAlias}} `{\bf{AS (}}` \newline ~~`{\bf{SELECT}}` column1, \newline ~~`{\bf{COUNT(}}`column2`{\bf{) AS}}` {\emph{renamedOutputColumn}} \newline ~~`{\bf{FROM}}` table1 \newline ~~`{\bf{GROUP BY}}` column1 \newline ) \newline `{\bf{SELECT}}` table2.column1,  \newline ~~{\emph{previousQueryAlias.renamedOutputColumn}} \newline `{\bf{FROM}}` {\emph{previousQueryAlias}} \newline `{\bf{JOIN}}` table2 \newline ~~`{\bf{ON}}` table2.column1 = \seqsplit{previousQueryAlias.column1;}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4.96 cm} x{3.04 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Commands - String Functions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`STRCMP`("string1","string2") & compare strings \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
`LOWER`("string") & convert to lower case \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`UPPER`("string") & convert to upper case \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{`LTRIM`/`RTRIM`("string")} & left or right trim \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
`SUBSTRING`("string","inx1","inx2") & substring of a string \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
`CONCAT`("string1","string2") & concatenate \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}