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\author{geminifourth04 (shreyasree)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (pure-chemistry-6092-practical-olevel.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (geminifourth04 (shreyasree))
  /Subject (Pure Chemistry 6092 Practical - Olevel Cheat Sheet)
}

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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Pure Chemistry 6092 Practical - Olevel Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{geminifourth04 (shreyasree)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/184627/cs/40563/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}geminifourth04 (shreyasree) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/shreyasree} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 2nd October, 2023.\\
   Updated 2nd October, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{document}
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\begin{multicols*}{4}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Indicators}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Thymolphtalein: deep blue (bases) to colourless (neutral) {[}Bases are Blue{]}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Methyl Orange : yellow (bases) to orange (neutral)/red (acidic) ROY} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Screened methyl orange : green (bases) to grey (neutral)/purple (acidic) {[}Purple is Poision{]}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Universal Indicator: blue/purple (bases) to green (neutral) / red (acidic)} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Metals}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Metal A is more reactive than Metal B. Hence Metal A is able to displace Metal B from its {[}aqueous salt{]} to form Metal B and Metal A salt} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Remember to be specific about colour. Take note of the colours of the reagents and the products respectively and identify colour change if necessary} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Remember to identify if the reaction is exothermic or endothermic (if needed)} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Remember to mention changes observed in Metal A as well as the changes observed in the Metal B salt solution.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Use nitric acid when possible} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Qualitative Analysis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Cation Test: Use NaOH and NH4OH, Observations to be taken note of is the colour of ppt after 2/3 drops of reagent as well as the solubility of that ppt in excess reagent (Amphoteric hydroxides are soluble in ex NaOH/ Zn and Cu precipitates are soluble in NH4Cl/ Ca forms no precipitate in NH4Cl/ NH4+ ion test in NaOH, need to test for NH3 gas upon heating} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Anion Test: Carbonate ion tested through presence of carbon dioxide/ Sulfate with barium nitrate/Chloride and iodide with silver nitrate/Nitrate with NaOH, aluminum foil and heating} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Use of HNO3 in anion tests: To remove any {\bf{interfering ions}} that can form precipitate with the added reagent and produce a false positive result} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Describing effervescence: Colour/odour of gas} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Titration}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Burette: 2dp/ Pipette: 25.0 cm3 (Remember to rinse both with respective reagents before starting titration) Conical Flask (particular about shape as conical shape is optimal to prevent spillage of reagents-{}-\textgreater{}possible SOE if beaker was asked to be used) Wash conical flask with distilled water} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Final burette reading/cm3, Initial burette reading/cm3, Volume of (solution of unknown concentration) used/cm3, Best Titration results (tick the ones within appropriate range and use only these readings when calculating average volume)} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Write complete steps when doing mole calculations} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Iodometric titration: Burette filled with sodium thiosulfate/pipette with iodine-{}-\textgreater{}titrate until solution in conical flask turns yellow, then add starch indicator(solution turns grey colour) continue titration until solution becomes colourless)} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Redox titration: Burette contains KMnO4/ Pipette contains reducing agent-{}-\textgreater{} solution in conical flask will turn pale pink (if its the other way round end point should be colourless)} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Titrate A against B: B has unknown concentration (burette), A will have known concentration (pipette)} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Speed of reaction}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Concentration: Experiment number, Volume of (solution), volume of distilled water, time for reaction to stop} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Mass change: Mass of empty vessel, mass of vessel + powder before heating, mass of powder before heating, mass of vessel + powder after heating, mass of powder after heating, change in mass of powder} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{When using stopwatch, always round to 2dp unless otherwise stated} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Always make reference to frequency of effective collisions between reactant molecules to form products at a faster/slower rate} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Analyze chemical equation and identify limiting reactant. If increasing \seqsplit{volume/concentration/mass} of a limiting reactant, more/less products may be formed (If question specify amount then use that data in your answering rather than more/less-{}-\textgreater{}use terms like 2 times {\bf{greater}}/{\bf{smaller}} than} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 6)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{AMOUNT IS TOO VAGUE, USE TERMS LIKE VOLUME/ CONCENTRATION/MASS} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{In planning questions, state the end points of reactions (ppt no longer dissolves/ all the ppt has dissolved to form a solution/ no more effervescence being produced/ 2 consistent mass readings)} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Gas collection}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Insoluble gases collected through displacement in water method (H2,CO2, O2)} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Soluble gases: Delivery method (Upward when Mr\textless{}29/ Downward when Mr\textgreater{}29)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Drying agent: Conc. H2SO4 (dry acidic gases) Fused calcium chloride (neutral) Calcium oxide (basic gases)} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Gas syringe is used to collect accurate amount of gas (Connect delivery tube to nozzle of syringe)} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Deliver desired gas into the gas syringe and wait until there is no further change in gas volume in the syringe} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Separation Techniques}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Crystallization:For thermally unstable compounds (sugar) Saturation point-{}-\textgreater{}when solid no longer dissolves, the moment saturation point is reached, allow the solution to cool and form crystals (more time taken to cool down-{}-\textgreater{} larger crystals)} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Evaporation to dryness-{}-\textgreater{}thermally stable compounds/salt (do not use glassware, instead use a crucible or an evaporating dish)} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Filteration: clean residue with cool distilled water and dry in between sheets of dry filter paper/ filtrate collected can be used to crystallize} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Paper chromatography: Draw line in pencil/ solvent level below start line/ dot substance with toothpick/ do a cylindrical shape} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Simple distillation: Solution in distillation flask heated with marble/boiling chips to allow smooth boiling, at boiling point vapour will rise and flow into condenser where it cools to form pure liquid} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Condenser: Provides a constant cool environment for vapour to condense into liquid (water in at bottom, water out at top)} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Bulb of thermometer placed at top of distillation near condenser-{}-\textgreater{}accurately measure temperature of vapour entering the condenser} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Organic reactions}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Bubbling gaseous alkene into aqueous bromine-{}-\textgreater{} discoloration of aqueous bromine} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Carboxylic acid reactions: with base/ metal/ metal carbonate/ with alcohol to form sweet smelling esters} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Salt Preparation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Precipitation: soluble reagent + soluble reagent = insoluble salt (X nitrate + sodium Y), mix both soluble reagents, filter off, obtain residue, clean residue with cool distilled water and dry between sheets of dry filter paper} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Excess insoluble compound + acid = soluble salt (not SPA salt) Mix until no more dissolving, heat till saturation point, allow to cool slowly to form crystals, wash crystals in cold distilled water and dry between sheets of dry filter paper} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Acid + Alkali = soluble salt (SPA salt), titrate acid against alkali until endpoint with suitable indicator, repeat without indicator, obtain the aqueous salt,heat till saturation point, allow to cool slowly to form crystals, wash crystals in cold distilled water and dry between sheets of dry filter paper} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Appropriate Gas Tests}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Hydrogen: Acid with metal reaction (test with lighted splint)} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Ammonia: Nitrate and Ammonium ion test (damp red litmus turn blue)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Chlorine: red litmus bleached (Chlorine compound)} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{SO2: Potassium manganate turn colourless/ potassium dichromate turn green} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Oxygen: rekindle glowing splint (decomposing metal oxides)} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Describe colour and odour of the effervescence if its a known gas} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{CO2: carbonate test, decomposition -{}-\textgreater{} Bubble gas into test tube of limewater (shake test tube to allow continuous bubbling)} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bunsen Burner}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Close the airhole to produce luminous flame} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Hold boiling tube containing reaction mixture/wooden splint at 45 degree angle from the flame} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Gentle heating-{}-\textgreater{}Slowly remove reaction mixture near and far away from the flame} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Strong heating-{}-\textgreater{}hold the reaction mixture at hottest part of flame} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{3.833cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Decomposition}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{As the reactivity of the metal increases, the more stable the metal carbonate, more harder to decompose it to constituent substance} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Metal Carbonate + heat -{}-\textgreater{}metal oxide +carbon dioxide} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Use a crucible as strong heating is required} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{3.833cm}}{Take note of colours of substances provided and formed after the decomposition} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}