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% Document Info
\author{geminifourth04 (shreyasree)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (metals-olevel.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (geminifourth04 (shreyasree))
  /Subject (Metals-Olevel Cheat Sheet)
}

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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Metals-Olevel Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{geminifourth04 (shreyasree)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/184627/cs/38544/}}}
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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}geminifourth04 (shreyasree) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/shreyasree} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 4th May, 2023.\\
   Updated 4th May, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Properties of Metals}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Metals have very high densities - A large number of metal atoms are closely packed in the giant metallic lattice} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity - presence of sea of delocalised electrons(help to conduct heat and electricity)} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Metals are soft - When a force is applied, layer of metal atoms will slide over one another} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Metals are malleable and ductile - When a force is applied, layer of metals slides over one another without disrupting metallic bonds} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Metals have a high melting point - Large amount of energy is required to overcome the strong metallic bonds between lattice of positive cations and sea of delocalised electrons} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Remember: Metallic bonding in metals}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Alloys}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{What is an alloy - mixture of a metal with one or more other elements} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Effect of alloying - makes the original metal stronger, harder and more resistive to corrosion} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{How does alloying strengthen metals - Neat, regular rows of metal atoms are disrupted by the presence of a new atom of a different size. Layers of metal atoms can no longer slide over one another when a force is applied. Hence the metal is stronger and harder} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Common alloys - Steel/ Brass} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Reactivity Series}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{K} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Na} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Ca} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Mg} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Al} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{C} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Zn} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Fe} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Sn} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Pb} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{H} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Cu} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Ag} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Au} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Trend of reactivity series: Reactivity decreases down the series}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Reactions that establish the reactivity series}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Metal + Water = Metal hydroxide + Hydrogen} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Metal + Steam = Metal oxide +Hydrogen} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Metal + HCL = Metal Chloride + Hydrogen gas} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Metals that react with cold water - Potassium to Magnesium (decreasing vigour)} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Metals that react with steam: Potassium to Iron} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Metals that react with hydrochloric acid: Potassium to Iron} \tn 
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% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Why does lead not react with water/steam/HCl = Formation of lead hydroxide, lead oxide, lead chloride which are all insoluble (form layer)} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Reactions based on reactivity series}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Displacement - A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its salt solution/ oxide (more reactive metal in solid state/less reactive metal in ion state)} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Thermal Stability of carbonates - Thermal stability of carbonates decreases down the reactivity series} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Most thermally stable carbonates - Group 1 carbonates} \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Thermal decomposition of carbonates= metal oxide + carbon dioxide} \tn 
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Thermal decomposition of silver carbonate= silver + carbon dioxide + oxygen} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Extraction of metals}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Electrolysis of molten ore - Potassium to Aluminium} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Reduction of carbon : Below Carbon in reactivity series} \tn 
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% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Reduction of hydrogen : Iron - Copper} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Found chemically uncombined: Silver and Gold} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Extraction of iron - Use carbon to reduce haematite to form molten iron ( blast furnace)} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Rusting}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Rusting - oxidation of iron to form hydrated iron(III) oxide} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Conditions for rusting - Both oxygen and water} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Prevention of rusting: Protective layer(oil/paint), Sacrificial Metals, Use of alloys} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Protective layer (must cover entire surface): prevents iron from coming in contact with oxygen and water—prevents rusting} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Sacrificial Protection(no need to cover entire surface): Metal A is more reactive than Metal B. Metal A acts as a sacrificial metal and corrodes in the place of iron} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Example of sacrificial protection- Galvanising(Zinc)} \tn 
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% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Use of alloys - alloys are more resistive to corrosion} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Do not use sodium and potassium as sacrificial metals (too reactive)  \newline Use zinc/magnesium}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Recycling of metals}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Why must we recycle metals - Metals are finite resources. It is our responsibility to conserve metals for future purposes} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Problems with mining: contribute to environmental pollution, burning of fossil fuel, contributes to unnecessary waste(take up landfill space)} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Cons of recycling: Expensive process} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Why is aluminium unreactive?}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Reacts with oxygen in surrounding air to form aluminium oxide. Aluminium oxide forms an impervious layer on the surface of the metal} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Prevents metal form coming into contact with the other reactant} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Prevents metal form coming into contact with the other reactant} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Hence aluminium is unreactive} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

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