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\author{geminifourth04 (shreyasree)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (all-about-plants-pure-biology.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (geminifourth04 (shreyasree))
  /Subject (All about Plants - Pure Biology Cheat Sheet)
}

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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{All about Plants - Pure Biology Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{geminifourth04 (shreyasree)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/184627/cs/40592/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}geminifourth04 (shreyasree) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/shreyasree} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 3rd October, 2023.\\
   Updated 3rd October, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Parts of a plant}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Leaves: Site of photosynthesis and gas exchange} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Stem: Contains vascular bundles which transport water/mineral salts as well as manufactured food respectively to different parts of the plant} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Roots: Site of water/mineral salts absorption} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Flowers: Contains reproductive organs of the plant} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Photosynthesis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Plants are autotrophs: They make their own food by a process of photosynthesis} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Raw materials: Carbon dioxide (diffuse in through stomata) and water (absorbed through roots)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Conditions: Chlorophyll pigment found in chloroplast traps light energy} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Products: Glucose (used by plant) and Oxygen (released to surroundings)} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Photosynthesis is a process in which green plants trap light energy and convert it to chemical energy for the formation of carbohydrates. This process involves the break down of inorganic molecules to synthesise inorganic molecules} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{This process starts of with light breaking down the water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen by a process called photolysis} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The hydrogen produced by this is used to reduce carbon dioxide to form glucose} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Oxygen produced by photolysis diffuses out of the stomata into the surroundings} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Glucose is used by the plant n many ways. This is called the fate of glucose} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fate of glucose}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The various ways glucose is used by the plant} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Some glucose produced is converted to starch, a storage molecule, for future uses} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Some glucose is metabolized by the plants (used by aerobic respiration to release energy)} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Some glucose is converted to cellulose to enhance the rigidity of the cellulose cell walls of plant cells} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Some glucose reacts with nitrate ions to form amino acids which condense to form essential proteins used by the plant} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Some glucose is converted to sucrose for transport around the plant} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Some glucose is converted to fats and oils for energy storage in seeds} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Starch is a good storage molecule as it is insoluble in water. Hence water potential of cell sap in the plants cells remain constant and osmosis would not be affected}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Factors affecting rate of photosynthesis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Limiting factors are abiotic factors that limit the rate of photosynthesis when present in a short supply} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Such factors exist as raw materials of photosynthesis not always being readily available} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Limiting factors of photosynthesis include: Co2 concentration, light intensity, temperature of environment} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Temperature changes results in variation of photosynthetic enzyme activity, light intensity changes results in variation of the amount of light energy available to the plant to convert to chemical energy, change in amount of carbon dioxide affects amount of glucose produced} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Linear change (factor in the x axis is limiting photosynthesis), when the graph plateaus (some other factor is limiting)} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{As temperature increases, kinetic energy  of enzyme and substrate molecules increases, greater frequency of collisions, high enzyme activity. Beyond optimum temperature, enzymes will denature and lose their specific active sites and enzyme activity will decrease} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Water is not a limiting factor, as the amount of water required  by the plant is so small that there is hardly a case where the water supplied for photosynthesis is to little}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Gas exchange}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Concentration of carbon dioxide outside the leaf is greater than inside the leaf. Hence carbon dioxide diffuses from the surrounding into the leaf through the stomata during photosynthesis} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Concentration of oxygen inside the leaf is greater than outside the leaf. Hence oxygen diffuses out of the leaf into surroundings during photosynthesis} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Opposite during aerobic respiration} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Gas exchange-{}-\textgreater{} diffusion of gases in and out of leaf through stomata} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Parts of leaf structure}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Waxy cuticle: Prevents water from evaporating from the top of the leaf (Made of wax to allow light to penetrate through)} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Upper epidermis: Contains a layer of thin and transparent cells to allow light to penetrate through and fall on the palisade mesophyll layer} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Palisade mesophyll layer: Contains vertically arranged palisade mesophyll layers which are tightly packed with chloroplast, allowing maximum light to be absorbed, maximizing photosynthesis} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Spongy mesophyll layer: Contains spongy mesophyll cells that have intercellular air spaces in between them} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Lower epidermis: Contains guard cells and stomata} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Guard cell: Become turgid/flaccid due to effects of osmosis, controls the size of stoma during day and night} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Stomata: Small opening which is controlled by guard cells, where gases and water vapour diffuse through diffuse through} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Palisade mesophyll layer, spongy mesophyll, lower epidermis (descending chloroplast concentration} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plant Reproduction}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Nuclei in pollen grain: Generative nucleus (divides into two) and pollen tube nucleus} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Nuclei found in ovum: Female nucleus} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Double fertilizations (one nucleus fuses to form zygote whereas the other fuses to form endosperm} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Pollen grain transferred from anther to sticky stigma of the flower. The pollen grain germinates into a pollen tube which will grow down the style of the flower. Pollen tube nucleus guides the growth of the pollen tube and the enzymes secreted by he pollen tube held o breakdown tissues surrounding it for optimal penetration down the style. The generative nucleus divides to form 2 haploid nuclei. At the micropyle of the ovary, the tip of pollen absorbs sap and bursts releases both the male nuclei into the ovary. One male nucleus will fuse with the female nucleus to form a zygote and the other male nucleus will fuse with another female nuclei to form the endosperm (support embryonic growth)} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 14)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plant Reproduction}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Nuclei in pollen grain: Generative nucleus (divides into two) and pollen tube nucleus} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Nuclei found in ovum: Female nucleus} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Double fertilizations (one nucleus fuses to form zygote whereas the other fuses to form endosperm} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Pollen grain transferred from anther to sticky stigma of the flower. The pollen grain germinates into a pollen tube which will grow down the style of the flower. Pollen tube nucleus guides the growth of the pollen tube and the enzymes secreted by he pollen tube held o breakdown tissues surrounding it for optimal penetration down the style. The generative nucleus divides to form 2 haploid nuclei. At the micropyle of the ovary, the tip of pollen absorbs sap and bursts releases both the male nuclei into the ovary. One male nucleus will fuse with the female nucleus to form a zygote and the other male nucleus will fuse with another female nuclei to form the endosperm (support embryonic growth)} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 14)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Transport in Plants}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Plants contains a vascular bundle in the stems. This vascular bundle contains xylem tissue, phloem tissue as well as cambium cells. The vascular bundle plays an integral role in transport of water and manufactured food throughout the plant} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Xylem - Tissue that transports water and mineral salts absorbed by the roots to other plants of the plant. The xylem tissue is dead (contains no organelles to prevent obstruction to flow of water and mineral salts) and the walls of the xylem tissue are lignified to provide sufficient mechanical support to ensure that the tissue will not collapse. No cross walls present} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 8)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Phloem - Tissue that transports manufactured food (sucrose) from leaves to sink organs down the pressure gradient. Phloem contains two types of cells, sieve tube cells as well as companion cells. As the name suggests a sieve tube cell is accompanied by a companion cell. The sieve tube cell has degenerative protoplasm/most of organelles are absent(except cytoplasm) to prevent obstruction to flow of manufactured food down the phloem. Companion cells contain many mitochondria which release a lot of energy to load sugars into the sieve tube cells by active transport. High perforated sieve plates/cross-walls are also present in the phloem tissue} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 13)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.33919 cm} x{2.63781 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Water transport}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Root pressure & Hydrostatic pressure generated by the roots to drive water and mineral ions absorbed the roots into the xylem tissue \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Capillary action in the xylem tissue & Flow of water up the xylem vessels by the combined effects of cohesion forces between water molecules as well as adhesion forces between water molecules and the wall of the xylem tissue \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 9)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Transpiration pull & Pulling force produced in the xylem that drives water and mineral ions up the xylem tissue as a results of water loss in the leaves due to transpiration (replace the water lost) \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Transpiration is defined as the {\bf{loss of water vapour from the leaves}}. Water {\bf{evaporates}} from the surface of spongy mesophyll cell and into the air spaces. The concentration of water vapour inside the leaf is higher than the water vapour in air surrounding the leaf. Hence water vapour {\bf{diffuses}} out of the leaf through the stomata. Transpiration pull drags water up the xylem to replace the water lost from the surface of spongy mesophyll cell}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.34379 cm} x{3.63321 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Factors affecting rate of transpiration}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Humidity & ↑ humidity, ↑ WV in surroundings, ↓ steep WV concentration gradient, ↓ rate of diffusion of water vapour, ↓ transpiration \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Wind Speed & ↑ wind speed,  ↓ WV in surroundings, ↑  steep WV concentration gradient, ↑  rate of diffusion of water vapour, ↑  transpiration \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Light intensity & ↑ light intensity, ↑ size of stomata, ↑ more water vapour can escape, ↑ transpiration \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Temperature} & ↑ temperature, ↑ water on surface of spongy mesophyll cells evaporate and move into intercellular air spaces, ↑ water vapour lost, ↑ transpiration \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sucrose transport}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Glucose produced from photosynthesis is converted to sucrose to prevent mitochondria in leaf cells from using it to release energy through aerobic respiration} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Sucrose is first loaded by companion cells into sieve tube cells by active transport. WP of phloem decreases below xylem and water from xylem move into phloem. Pressure in phloem at leaf increases and manufactured food and water move down the phloem from leaf to sink organ. At sink organ, sucrose is loaded out of sieve tube cells with the help of companion cells by active transport. WP of phloem increases more than xylem and water from phloem move into xylem} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 10)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}