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% Document Info
\author{shaylannxd}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (liquid-chromatography.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (shaylannxd)
  /Subject (Liquid Chromatography Cheat Sheet)
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Liquid Chromatography Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{shaylannxd} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/149855/cs/32584/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}shaylannxd \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/shaylannxd} \\
  \end{tabulary}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 20th June, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{document}
\raggedright
\raggedcolumns

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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Basic Theory}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Liquid Chromatography}} & MP \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Liquid \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Actively participate in equilibrium process \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & SP \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Quasi/porous solid \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Most common do reverse-phase chromatography SP \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Film thickness \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Very small (monolayer) \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 9)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & D`m` \textasciitilde{} 10D`s`\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} B/U \textasciitilde{} 0 \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & d`f` \textasciitilde{} 0 \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} C`s`U \textasciitilde{} 0 \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Always carried-out in packed columns \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Advantage}} & More versatile than GC \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Adaptable to needs \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Disadvantage}} & Much less efficient than GC \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Diffusion coefficient of analyte is orders of magnitude smaller than in GC \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Bounced into other molecules \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Diffusion rate is small \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Basic Theory (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & In liquid phase (not gas) \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Improve efficiency}} & Use small particle \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Narrow range velocity \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Dependent on particle diameter (d`p`) \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Smaller particle size = smaller plate height at any given velocity \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 9)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Compensate for travel distance of analyte to reach surface of SP \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Minimize the space between the particles that the analyte have to diffuse across \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 8)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Analytical LC \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} \textless{} 5μm \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & HPLC \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} \textgreater{}3μm \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
 & UHPLC \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} \textless{} 3μm \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Theory Equations}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/shaylannxd_1655354490_Capturef.JPG}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{LC Velocity Range}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/shaylannxd_1655354648_a.JPG}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.4 cm} x{5.6 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Column}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Packed Column}} & Packed full of particles \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Usually composed of stainless steel, etc. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Length \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}  2-20cm(analytical)  \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Large column \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Use for preparative scale  \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}  Small column \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Packaged inside a capillary (75-100um diameter) \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Couple efficiently to MS \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 11)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Efficiency (N)  \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}  3000-20000 \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}  Dramatically lower than GC  \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}  Rule of thumb (GUESTIMATE ONLY): N\textasciitilde{} 3500 *L(cm) / d`p`(um) \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 7)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Sample Capacity \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Depending on size of column and packing \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}  \textasciitilde{}5mg/g \{{[}fa-arrow-right\}\} C18/silica\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} \textasciitilde{}10mg \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} "vanilla" column \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 8)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.4 cm} x{5.6 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Column (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Thickness of SP \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}  \textasciitilde{} 1-2nm \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Resistance to mass transfer in MP and multipath terms dominate \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{HPLC Column}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/shaylannxd_1655354794_download (1).png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.8 cm} x{5.2 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{HPLC System}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{MP reservoirs}} & Stores MP in inert glass bottles\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Platic coated Pyrex bottle (common) \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} \$300/pc \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Degas solvent\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Add element for filtering/degas \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Minimize amount of oxygen dissolved into MP \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Oxygen reactive in high pressure (increase oxidation of analyte)\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Small bubbles can form \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Result intensive undesirable peaks \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 13)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Connected to a computer(pump) \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Control mixing value to produces desired MP mixture \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Analytical Column}} & Wide variety \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Diameter\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} \textasciitilde{}0.5cm (general) \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Length \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} 10-20cm (general) \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Injector}} & Manual \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Syringe with sample \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Inject needle into port and release \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Liquid flow into loop (at atmospheric pressure) \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}When rotate lever to 60 degree \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Rearrange injector (set of valves)\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Switches loop into flow path = swept down into analytical column \tn 
% Row Count 44 (+ 15)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.8 cm} x{5.2 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{HPLC System (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Operates at very high pressure \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}If inject sample into septum \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Shatter syringe \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Autosampler \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Prepare in vials \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Tightly seal for sample to not evaporate \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Program computer \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Runs separation overnight \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}\textasciitilde{}100 samples \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 10)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Detector}} & Record data and integrate peak area\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Quantitation \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{High-Pressure Pump}} & Direct MP through system \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Use high pressure \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Analytical column is filled with fine particles \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Dynamic Mixer}} & Needed to blend the different fluids (MP) \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Provides the correct percentages of fluids dynamically as the separation goes \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Guard Column}} & Avoid column killers \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Species that strongly store in SP \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Never eluted\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Contaminated column\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Can change separation \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Destroy separation in terms of its analytical quality \tn 
% Row Count 40 (+ 11)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.8 cm} x{5.2 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{HPLC System (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Very small column \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Contains same type of SP as analytical column \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Contamination is trapped inside \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Periodically replace cartridges \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Preserves analytical column \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 6)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\emph{Optional}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Narrow Bore Tubing}} & Tubes that connects components \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Has to be rated for HPLC \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Can handle high pressure\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Has to be narrow bore\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Don't want MP to mixing + dilute sample peaks \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 7)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Use short length as much as possible \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & If fitting not installed correctly\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Can result in dead volume \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Analyte that gets trapped in dead volume = gets broaden \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 7)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Thermostat Oven}} & Constant temperature \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}30-45 degrees\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}For a given MP\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Equilibrium is constant \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.8 cm} x{5.2 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{HPLC System (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Fraction Collector}} & Robots that periodically move tubes of the eluted species from detector \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Collect in vials \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Sophisticated\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Deposit 1 peak per vial \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Less sophisticated \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Periodically move from one vial to the next \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{HPLC System Diagram}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/shaylannxd_1655354903_hplc-center-pathway.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.36 cm} x{4.64 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Stationary Phase}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Control Retention}} & Control retention \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Control distribution constant(K) \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Control by:  \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Adjust type of MP and SP  \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Adjust "strength" of MP and/or SP \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Add additives to MP \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Interact specifically with analyte, SP, MP \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} MP velocity \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Does not alter retention (K or K') \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 14)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Stationary Phase}} & Most use silica support particles \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Not great in high pH\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Use alumina(high pH resistance) \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Low pH\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} SP can come off of support (hydrolyzed) \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Use polymera support \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 12)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Almost always a "pure" SP \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Not mixed \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.36 cm} x{4.64 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Stationary Phase (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Use chemistry reaction to anchor SP to wall/surface \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Almost always a "monolayer" SP  \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}d`f`\textasciitilde{}0 \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Wide range of polarities \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Use chemical reactions to adjust the SP \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Can use chiral SP \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Separate enantiomers \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Reasonable environment conditions \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 6)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Silane Reaction}} & Use to anchor/bond silicones to silica surfaces \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} In packing materials (particles) \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} FS capillaries \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 7)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Use to deactivate silanols \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Silanol \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Very reactive \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Highly polar \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Expose on surface of silica \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.36 cm} x{4.64 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Stationary Phase (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Deactivate silanol \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Use chloro silane\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Ex: C18\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Result in silanization of surface \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Residual silanol\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} SP is usually of a different polarity (non-polar)\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Results in tailing of analytical peak \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 7)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & After reacting surface with SP\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Use a short chain alkyl\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Take care of residual silanol \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 6)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
 & If silanol peaks present\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Column is old\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Molecules of SP are desorbs or removed from surface \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 6)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Silanol Interactions}} & "Standard" silica \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}SP support particles \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Has silanols on surface \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Si-OH \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} \textasciitilde{}50\% of Si-OH are reacted to Si-O-Si-C18 \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.36 cm} x{4.64 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Stationary Phase (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Residual Si-OH \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}When close to a metal in the silica \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Are "acidic" and deprotonate easily leaving a Si-O\textasciicircum{}-\textasciicircum{} on the surface \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Act as ion-exchange sites for basic analyte\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Reverse-Phase MP is not suited to ion-exchange separation\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Very poor peaks are obtained for basic analyte \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Tailing peak \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 10)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Alternative options\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Use a high purity silica column \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Less acidic silanol \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Purchase a deactivated silica column \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 8)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Affects only basic compounds \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Neutral and acidic compounds does not show tailing \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.36 cm} x{4.64 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Stationary Phase (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Particle and Surface Area}} & Terms that dominate: \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Overall plate height\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Overall plate number\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} d`p` \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} VD eq.: A and C`m`U \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Spherical Particle \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Surface area/Volume scales with 1/d`p`\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} \{\{fa-arrow-up\}\} A/V = \{\{fa-arrow-down\}\} Retention \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}More SP packed = \{\{fa-arrow-up\}\} Retention (K') =\{\{fa-arrow-up\}\} Resolving Power (R') \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 12)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Size \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Nearly all SP are um scale silica particles \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Impacts VD equations \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 6)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Porous Particles \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} \{\{fa-arrow-up\}\} Surface area per particle \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-up\}\}Amount of SP inside column\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-up\}\} Retention and sample capacity = Better R'\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Smaller the pore\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} the larger the surface area/g of support \tn 
% Row Count 41 (+ 15)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.36 cm} x{4.64 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Stationary Phase (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Diffusional Trap of small pores\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Loss of analyte \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Tailing peaks\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Large MW analyte go into small pores \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Never gets eluted \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Separation molecules \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Small molecules \textasciitilde{} 80Å \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Large proteins \textasciitilde{}120-300Å \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 6)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Normal Phase (NP)}} & Developed initially \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Used raw silica as SP \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Polar silanol \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 5)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Separation based \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Polar-polar interactions with silanol\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Non-polar elute earlier\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Polar analyte elute later \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 8)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & In general\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}MP is opposite polarity to SP \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Works well for polar species only \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.36 cm} x{4.64 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Stationary Phase (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Reverse Phase (RP)}} & Use non-polar SP \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Silane reaction \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Use polar MP (Water based) \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Separation based \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Nonpolar-Nonpolar interactions \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Reverse separation of normal phase\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Polar species elute first \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Non-polar species elute later \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 11)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & More popular \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Organic solvents used for MP \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Expensive/dangerous \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Most analytes are made our of biological origin \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Soluble in water-based MP \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 10)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Controlling Retention}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{SP Polarities}} & Retention depends on \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Mass of SP  \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Type of SP \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Mass \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Control by chain length \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Density of SP on silica\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} \% of silanol reacted \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Surface area \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Porisity \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 9)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Selectivity depends on \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Type of SP  \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Chain length \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Linker type/length \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Chain Length}} & \{\{fa-arrow-up\}\}Chain length and/or \% organic (carbon) load of SP = \{\{fa-arrow-up\}\} Retention (K') \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Example \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}C4 \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} C8 chain \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Double chain length \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Double volume of SP \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Double retention \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Controlling Retention (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & If within the same type of SP  \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Ex: Alkyl chains  \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} No significant changes in selectivity \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Only shrinking/expanding the chromatogram about t`m` \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Shrink c-gram = reduce carbon  \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Stretch c-gram = Increase carbon load \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 14)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{white}
 & If analyte is not retained  \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Increase \% carbon of SP/chain length \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & If analyte is excessively retained \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Reduce \% carbon \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Significant changes in selectivity \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Resolving power \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}By changing the type of SP  \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Overall retention should remain roughly constant  \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Keeping the \% carbon constant \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 11)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Controlling Retention (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Effect of MP Strength}} & MP plays an active role in retention  \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Distribution constant \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Common solvents can be sorted according to their polarity \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Polarity of MP \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Main factors of controlling K \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} K' \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
 & When changing MP strenght \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Can calculate the retention under new MP \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Equation (Only for RP): \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}K'`new`/K'`old`= 10((P'`new`-P'`old`)/2) \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Equation (Polarity) P'`MP`= Weighted Polarity = \%`A`*PI`A` +  \%`B`* PI`B`\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} PI= Polarity \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 5)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Equation (Only for NP): \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}K'`old`/K'`new`= 10((P'`old`-P'`new`)/2) \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 4)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Example}} & 1. Look at K' of first and last peak \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}K'`old` = (last peak - first peak)/first peak \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}K' = (2.8-1.8)/1.8 = 0.5\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} K'`new` \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Want it at 10 \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Controlling Retention (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 2. Replace terms in equation\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} K'`new`/K'`old` = 10/0.5 = 20 \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 3. Old MP polarity\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}If old MP is 20\% water/80\% Acetonitrile\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}P'`old`= (0.2)(10.2)+(0.8)(5.8) = 6.68 \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 6)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 4. New MP polarity \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} P'`new` = 2log(K'`new`/K'`old`) + P'`old` \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} P'`new`= 2log(20) +6.68 = 9.28 \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 6)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 5. Solve new MP components\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} P'`new` = (x)(10.2) + (1-x)(5.8) = 9.98\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} 79.1\% water and 20.9\% ACN \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 6)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Rule of 3\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Tool to check/estimate results (not used in calculations) \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Change of 20\% water \textasciitilde{} 3x change in K' \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 7)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{MP Gradient}} & Dynamically adjust MP \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 1)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Controlling Retention (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Some sample contain wide range of analytes\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Low or high retention\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}no single MP that will elute them all in a satisfactory range of k' \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
 & MP gradient\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}MP strength is initially "weak"\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Analyte well retained\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Those with low retention\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Elute at reasonable K'\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Strengthen MP over the course of separation\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Strongly retained species can be eluted\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}At a reasonable K" and R' \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 16)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & MP≠constant \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Changing strength\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}K and K' ≠ constant \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Can no longer be predicted \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Controlling Retention (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{MP Selectivity}} & Alter selectivity (α) by changing type of solvent \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Resolving power \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}R= (α-1)(K'/(1+K'))(√𝑁/4)\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Sensitive to selectivity \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Critical pairs in peaks \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 7)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Selectivity\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Depends on nature of MP\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Change selectivity = change type of MP \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 6)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Try and keep \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}P'`old`\textasciitilde{}P'`new`\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Overall retention is roughly the same \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Selectivity of peaks change \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 7)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Selectivity changes cannot be predicted \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.32 cm} x{5.68 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chiral Separation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Basic Theory}} & Important to bioanalyses and pharmaceutical separation \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Separation of chiral species \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Enantio selective \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Chiral SP or chiral additives to MP \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Separation of enantiomers \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Possible to separate structural  isomers \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Strength of interaction changes as a function of isomer \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ion-Exchange}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Ionic Species}} & Small "hard" ions \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Inorganic ions\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Cannot use ion pairing \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Ions can interact with appropriate SP \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Ionic SP \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Basic Theory}} & Ion-exchange\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Equilibrium-based separation\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Discreet soption and displacement process\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Carry throughout column \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 8)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Column\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Does not use silica particles\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Use polymer resin\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Attach with a strong anion or cation \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Example}} & Using a strong anion SP \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Cation exchange column \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 1. SP sulfonic acid (IEX resin) \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Anion surface particle (SO`3`\textasciicircum{}-\textasciicircum{})\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Wash column with acid solution \{\{fa-arrow-right\} Cations (H\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{}) \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Sulfonic acid is protonated (SO`3`H) \tn 
% Row Count 36 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ion-Exchange (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 2. Inject sample with cation analytes \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Metal ion (M\textasciicircum{}2+\textasciicircum{})\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Metal ions interact with SP \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Metal ions displace some of H\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} from resin \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 3. Unbind analyte from SP\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Introduce a higher concentration of protons behind analytes  \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} MP gradient\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}H\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} displace weakly bound analytes the move onto strongly bound analyte (cation) \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Exchange process\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Cation analytes is displace off of surface and solubilize in MP \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 17)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 4. Analytes move down the column in strength of MP\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Each type of analyte elute as a peak\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}MP ahead of each analyte is too weak \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Bound\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}MP behind each analyte is too strong \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Fully displace \tn 
% Row Count 38 (+ 12)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ion-Exchange (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Equilibrium Constant}} & If it behaves like an equilibrium \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}There is an equilibrium constant \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Expect to behave like an LC \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Produce peaks \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Ion-exchange equilibrium constant would behave like a distribution constant \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Obtain similar result of chromatogram peaks \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}MP controls retention \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 8)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Equation \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}K`iex`={[}exchange\&analyte{]}`s`/{[}analyte{]}`m` = C`s`/C`m` \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Optimization}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Process of Separation}} & 1. Carry out initial separation \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Choose a strong MP \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Ensure everything is eluted and fast separation \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 2. Adjust MP strength\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Retention of last peak is within the right region\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Depending on the complexity of sample\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Simple sample \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} K' \textasciitilde{} 10 \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Complex sample \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} K'\textasciitilde{} 20\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Do calculations for an estimate adjusting needed \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 15)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 3. Examine if peaks are within the acceptable region\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Examine if all analytes are well resolved \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 4. Consider if a gradient is required \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Presence of large area of empty baseline \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Optimization (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 5. If needed \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Switch MP type to alter selectivity \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Gradient to reach acceptable retention and resolution \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 6. Consider using additives in MP\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Help alter selectivity \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & If MP type/mix strength does not achieve required separation\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Change SP type \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}May consider type of separation \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 7)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Summary of MP Effects}} & Very powerful tool \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Versatile \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Control retention and selectivity \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 5)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Directly affects distribution constant \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \{\{fa-arrow-up\}\} MP strength = \{\{fa-arrow-down\}\} K' \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & MP "strength" is polarity \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Effect are opposite in RP vs NP\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}RP \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Non-polar solvent (organic) = Stronger solvent \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}NP \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Polar solvent = Stronger solvent \tn 
% Row Count 39 (+ 11)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Optimization (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Ramped MP \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Gradient \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Helps dynamically adjust K' \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Useful to make separation less intuitive \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} R\{\{fa-arrow-down\}\} = K' \{\{fa-arrow-down\}\}\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Gradient runs \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} R \{\{fa-arrow-up\}\} = K' \{\{fa-arrow-down\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{LC Detectors}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Ideal Detectors}} & High sensitivity \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Steep slope \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & High stability \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Minimal drift \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Minimal noise on baseline \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Very low DL \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Long LDR \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Can accept MP over wide range \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Need reference to null out MP gradients \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Fast response \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Independent of MP \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Easy to use, maintain and repair \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Inexpensive \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Selective/universal \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Can be either depending on properties \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 5)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Non destructive \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Can collect fractions \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{LC Detectors (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{1λ: UV- Vis Detector}} & Volume \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}\textasciitilde{}1-10 uL (very small) \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}If V is too large, the signal becomes constant and we see a square shaped peak \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Pathlengths \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}\textasciitilde{}5-10mm \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Longer = better \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrrow-right\}\}Bigger absorbance for same concentration (beer-lambert law) \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 9)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Window material \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Quartz \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 & D`2` lamps \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Good broad UV source \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}185-400nm \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Spectrometer to isolate narrow band of wavelength \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}More simple than FAA \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}UV does not have to compensate for a flame \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 14)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{LC Detectors (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 2 sensors \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Sample diode (I) \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Intensity coming through the sample \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Reference diode (I`o`) \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Intensity from the light source \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Equation \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}A= -log(I/I`o`)= -log(T) \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 15)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Chromatogram \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Abs vs time \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Use peak area for quantitation \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 6)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Many λ: Photodiode array (PDA) Detector}} & Chromatogram \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Collect many chromatograms across many wavelength (a spectrum) \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 5)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Sensitivity \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Can choose/use chromatogram that provides the greatest sensitivity for each analyte \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Find wavelength where analyte has least interference from neighbouring peaks \tn 
% Row Count 38 (+ 12)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{LC Detectors (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Application \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Useful to verify which peaks is which when MP is changed \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Refractive Index (RI) Detector}} & Uses refractive index of analyte compared to MP \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Snell's law \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}The rays will bend if there is a mismatch in refractive indices of the outside and the inside\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}When refractive indices match \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Rays not refracted \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 15)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Chromatogram \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}If RI match (only MP)\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Full intensity reaches sensor \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}If RI does not match (analyte eluting) \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Reduced intensity reaches sensor \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Plot signal vs time \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 14)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{LC Detectors (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Properties \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Universal \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Sensitivity \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}\textasciitilde{}3 orders of magnitude less sensitive than UV \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Absorbance \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Optically silent \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Reference flow \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Limited gradient capability \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 16)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Evaporative Light Scatter (ELS) Detector}} & How it works \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Uses nebulizer to produce aerosol\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}MP evaporates \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Leaves behind analyte fine crystals \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Scattering of light (usually laser) \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Only when crystals are present \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 15)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{LC Detectors (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Analyte \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Needs to produce crystals \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Very low volatility \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Can work for non-absorbing analytes \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Response is nearly uniform for all analytes \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 12)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Buffers (MP) \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Must be volatile \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Restricts choices \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Can't use inorganic buffers: Leads to buffer salts \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 9)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Better than RI detector \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Higher sensitivity \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Longer LDR \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{UV-Vis Detector Diagram}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/cheche26_1655590400_6D75D59F-D578-49C0-A7DC-08EBBE3659C9.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Photodiode Array Chromatogram}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/cheche26_1655590829_3626A0F8-7963-4090-A681-CBF51C5A722D.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Refractive Index Detector Diagram}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/cheche26_1655591383_AA108841-8ECB-4968-A657-8AB96B1922FC.jpeg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{LC-MS}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Properties}} & Electrospray\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Sample goes through nebulizer \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}High voltage is applied \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Produces charged droplets \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Fine metal capillary tube \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}\textasciitilde{}0.5-1mm\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Connected to the outlet \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Charged with high voltage \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Signal \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}MP is pumped \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Charged droplets are attracted to MS interface \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Droplets dry down in flight \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}charge density \{\{fa-arrow-up\}\} until charge repulsion causes coulombic explosion \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 12)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Single Quadrupole MS}} & Mass spectrum \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Simple \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}MP evaporates away \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Leaves {[}M+H{]}\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} ions\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}no fragments \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{LC-MS (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Problem \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Difficult for definitive ID \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Potential m/z overlap \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Triple Quadrupole MS}} & Allows the production of fragments \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Contains Q`1`, Q`2`(CID) and Q`3` \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Q`1`\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Parent ions are selected \{\{nl\}\}Q`2`(CID) \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Collision induced dissociation\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Selected ions collide with Ar/He/N`2` (Creates fragments) \{\{nl\}\}Q`3`\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Fragment ions are filtered/scanned\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Detected to produce mass spectrum \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 13)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Mass spectrum \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Scanning mode\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Produce full spectrum \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}For method development \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Only selected fragments are measured\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}For quantitation \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 12)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{LC-MS (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Better than single quadrupole \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Lower DL \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Less interferences\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Longer LDR\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Allows positive ID of analyte\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Better selectivity with MRM \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Problem \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Q`3` scans across m/z range pretty slowly (1-30 spectra/s) \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Lowering resolution allows faster scanning\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Can't get a full detailed spectrum \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 9)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{QTOF MS}} & Quadrupole time of flight MS \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Advantage \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Can scan 10000 spectra/s \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Many are averaged together to improve quality (better than QQQ) \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Allows more analytes to be measured simultaneously \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Higher mass accuracies and resolution \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Permits greater ID power \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}LDR\textgreater{}5 orders of magnitude \tn 
% Row Count 38 (+ 16)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{LC-MS (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Problem \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Not as precise as QQQ \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Expensive \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Triple Quadrupole Detector Diagram}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/cheche26_1655588945_382DAC3D-AE35-47F9-B97D-738491B03EE2.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{QTOF MS Detector Diagram}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/cheche26_1655589404_F7B73AE1-2BE4-45E3-A055-784C9C67728B.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.52 cm} x{4.48 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Summary and Applications}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Advantage}} & MP plays a critical role in controlling separation\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Retention \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}"Strength" \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Selectivity \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}"Type" \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Wide range of MP available\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Diverse set of separation conditions\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Within the same SP and column\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Allow to quickly try different separation conditions\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Allow to quickly arrive to a newer optimization separation \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 14)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & No requirements of volatile analyte\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Needs to be soluble in MP \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Wider range of SP available \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Can choose type \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Can change particle size\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Can choose the amount of SP/unit of column \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.52 cm} x{4.48 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Summary and Applications (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Easy to collect purified analyte \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Disadvantage}} & Much lower N compared to GC-FSOT\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Degrades R and \{\{fa-arrow-up\}\} Overlapping peaks \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Many LC have low N \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} 1000-5000 \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 9)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Detector Comparison}} & Selective or universal \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & DL \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & LDR \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Cost \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Purchase \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Maintenance \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Sample capacity \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Immune from MP gradients? \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Amendable to using IS? \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Key Factors if LC is useful}} & 1. Analytes soluble in liquid MP \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 2. Concentration of analytes are high enough\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Can load larger volumes/concentraton on columns \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Combine with sensitive detectors \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.52 cm} x{4.48 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Summary and Applications (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 3. Does sample require a high R' separation \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}GC favored over LC \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 4. Need to recover analyte\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}LC \textgreater{} GC \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 5. Slower than GC \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Applications}} & Anti-dopping and forensics \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Pharmaceutical \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Process control\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Quality control\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}R\&D\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Metabolic\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Proteomic \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 9)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Food and Beverages\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Vitamins\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Pesticides\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Contaminants \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 6)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Environmental\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Pesticides\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Industrial materials \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.52 cm} x{4.48 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Summary and Applications (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & R\&D\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Organic synthesis \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Catalysis \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Industrial \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Feedstock \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}