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% Document Info
\author{shaylannxd}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (gas-chromatography.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (shaylannxd)
  /Subject (Gas Chromatography Cheat Sheet)
}

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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Gas Chromatography Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{shaylannxd} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/149855/cs/32547/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}shaylannxd \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/shaylannxd} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 18th June, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\begin{document}
\raggedright
\raggedcolumns

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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.8 cm} x{5.2 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Basic Theory}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Gas Chromatography}} & SP \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Liquid \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & MP\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Inert gas \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}No role in separation \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Only directs analyte down column (carrier gas) \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & D`m` \textgreater{}\textgreater{}\textgreater{} D`s` \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} C`m`U \textasciitilde{} 0 \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Flow rate \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Dictate by choice of SP (thickness, properties) \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Modest plate height \textasciitilde{}1mm (\{\{fa-arrow-up\}\} L = \{\{fa-arrow-up\}\}N) \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Theory Equations}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/shaylannxd_1655330681_Capture9.JPG}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.76 cm} x{4.24 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Column Type}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Packed}} & Packed full of particles \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Put SP on particles \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & MP pushes through packed bed \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Tubing \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Glass, stainless steel, etc. \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Inert = not part of separation \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 6)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Wall Coated Open Tubular (WCOT)}} & Inside wall of quartz/glass tube \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}  Chemically roughen \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} \{\{fa-arrow-up\}\} Surface area \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Coated with SP \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 9)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Fused Silica Open Tubular (FSOT)}} & SP coating on wall of long thin tube\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}  Smooth wall \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Diameter \textasciitilde{} 75-200 um \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Column Diagram}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/shaylannxd_1655331180_Capture10.JPG}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.32 cm} x{5.68 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{GC Systems}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Sample}} & Introduce into injector port \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Vaporize sample\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Vaporized analyte swept into column \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Mobile phase}} & High pressure cylinders \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Use a gas flow regulator \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}  Regulate the pressure \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Detector}} & Detect components of the mixture being eluted off the chromatography column\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Some may require a reference flow \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Oven}} & Separation occurs \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Controlled temperature \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Fan \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Circulates air and controls temperature \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{GC System Diagram}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/shaylannxd_1655331343_Capture11.JPG}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Split Flow Injector}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Sample dissolved in volatile solvent} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Collect sample into syringe and inject through rubber septum \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Seals injector for analyte to go into column\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Protects from outside atmosphere \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Bad peak shapes = hole in septum} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Use a heat block to "flash" sample into vapour \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} \textasciitilde{}50-100C hotter than oven \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Need to vaporize sample} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{GC systems design to operate with 3 main columns \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Each column has a different flow rate \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Adjust based on column used} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{FSOT/WCOT \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Can't handle large sample mass \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Small diameter \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Limited SP \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Limited volume capacity \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Control by valve system} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Split flow outlet \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Avoid overloading the column \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Packed \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Set at 0 (closed) \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} FSOT/WCOT \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Split flow ratio \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Depends on {[}analyte{]} in injection volume} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Split Flow}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/shaylannxd_1655331454_download.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.72 cm} x{5.28 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Requirements of SP}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Solvent}} & Must dissolve analyte \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Bad SP \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Unretained  \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Affects R'\textasciitilde{}0 \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}  No separation \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Volatility}} & A substance with high volatility is more likely to exist as a vapour \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & A substance with low volatility is more likely to be a liquid or solid \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Prefer a low volatile solvent \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Don't want SP to vaporize in oven \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Thermal Stability}} & SP in column \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Don't want thermal breakdown products \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Inert/Reactive}} & Don't want analyte to react with SP \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Only want to interact \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.52 cm} x{4.48 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Stationary Phase}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Siloxane Polymer}} & Low volatility \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Thermally stable bond \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Contains a silicone backbone \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Close to inert  \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Can be derivatized \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Add pendant functional groups  \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Tune \seqsplit{selectivity/solubility/retention} \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Adjust polarity \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 7)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Non-Polar}} & \seqsplit{Poly(dimethyl)siloxane} (PDMS)  \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Good quality \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Flurocarbons \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Polar}} & Can replace dimethyl/methyl groups \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} CN,CO,OH \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Phenyl Groups (Benzene Ring)}} & Non-polar \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & π e\textasciicircum{}-\textasciicircum{} \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} delocalized \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & When approach by polar molecules  \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} e\textasciicircum{}-\textasciicircum{} reorganized \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Induced dipole interactions \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Can behave polar with polar molecules (vice versa) \tn 
% Row Count 38 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.52 cm} x{4.48 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Stationary Phase (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Chiral Moiety}} & Chiral-chiral interactions on SP \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Rise to selectivity of 1 enantiomer over another \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Siloxane Polymer}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/shaylannxd_1655331553_Capture44.JPG}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.96 cm} x{5.04 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Minimize Loss of SP}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Bonded Phase}} & Process of the SP polymer is attached to \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Silica support particle \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Wall of a capillary \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & A liquid-liquid chromatography method in which a stationary phase is covalently bound to a carrier particle \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Cross-Linked Phase}} & Polymer attached to wall \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Polymer cross-linked with each other \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Critical for separation \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Produce more rigidty, hardness and \{\{fa-arrow-up\}\} Melting point \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Formation of covalent bonds \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Issue}} & Most SP are non-polar  and silica support surface are polar \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Not much intertaction \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 5)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Uses phases to prevent issue of contact \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Use silane reaction to bond/cross-link \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.96 cm} x{5.04 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Minimize Loss of SP (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Silane Reaction}} & Use to anchor/bond silicones to silica surfaces \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} In packing materials (particles) \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} FS capillaries \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Use to deactivate silanols \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Same chemistry for polymerization and cross-linking \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Silanol \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Very polar \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Expose on surface of silica \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Disagree with SP polarity \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Competition for polar analyte \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 9)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Deactivation chemistry \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Use dichloro dimethyl silane\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Use ethanol/MeOH \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Create less polar surface \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 7)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Inertness of Column}} & Residual silanols \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} React strongly to polar compounds \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Produce tailing peaks \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Undesirable interactions in column \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 8)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Deactivation of Silanol}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/shaylannxd_1655331941_Captureed.JPG}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Silane Reaction Mechanism}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/shaylannxd_1655332049_Capturea.JPG}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.76 cm} x{4.24 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Controlling Retention}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Retention}} & Controls resolving power (R') \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} R' depends on K'\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} K' depends on separation conditions \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Want all peaks to fall in "ideal range" of retention \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} 1-10 \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & MP is inert \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Only function to control retention \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Equilibrium constant = thermodynamic property \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Temperature \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Alter overall retention \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Type of SP \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Alter selectivity \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Impact of Different Temperature}} & Isothermal separation \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} A thermodynamic process, in which the temperature of the system remains constan \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.76 cm} x{4.24 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Controlling Retention (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \{\{fa-arrow-down\}\} Temperature = \{\{fa-arrow-down\}\} Thermal energy available \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Less thermal energy \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Analyte spends more time in SP \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}More time in column \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Clearer separation \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 13)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \{\{fa-arrow-down\}\} Temperature =\{\{fa-arrow-up\}\} Resolution = \{\{fa-arrow-up\}\} Overall time\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Can become excessive \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Needs to adjust separation as it proceeds \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 10)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \{\{fa-arrow-down\}\} Temperature \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Favors SP \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \{\{fa-arrow-up\}\} Temperature \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Favors MP \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Different Ramp Rates}} & Altered t`r` and resolution independently \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.76 cm} x{4.24 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Controlling Retention (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Adjust temperature during course of separation \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Resolution imporves under better retention conditions for the analyte \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Change in gradient steep \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Improves separation\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Shorten separation time \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Increase resolution \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} As a function of temperature \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 10)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Round-Up of T Programming}} & Powerful tool for controlling K' \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Directly affects distribution constant \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \{\{fa-arrow-up\}\} Temperature = \{\{fa-arrow-down\}\} K' \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Ramped (gradient) temperature is used to adjust K' \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Make GC less intuitive \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} \{\{fa-arrow-down\}\} R= \{\{fa-arrow down\}\} K' (general) \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} \{\{fa-arrow-up\}\} R= \{\{fa-arrow-down\}\} K' (T programming) \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} K'=f(T) \tn 
% Row Count 38 (+ 11)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.76 cm} x{4.24 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Controlling Retention (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Separation limited by ΔT/Δt (ramp rate) \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Column lifetime is shorter at higher temperature \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Other Factors}} & K'=K(V`s`/V`m`) \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}SP thickness \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Total mass of SP \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
 & FSOT columns \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Calculate phase ratio (V`s`/V`m`) \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Graphs with Different Temperature}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/shaylannxd_1655332285_Capture.,,.JPG}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ramp Rate Graphs}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/shaylannxd_1655332503_Capturesad.JPG}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.32 cm} x{5.68 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{GC Detectors}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Requirements}} & Sensitivity \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} 10\textasciicircum{}-8\textasciicircum{}-10\textasciicircum{}-15\textasciicircum{} g analyte/s\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Packed \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} All sample used \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Decrease efficiency = broader peaks \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} FSOT \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Split flow injector (5-10\% sample used)\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Increase efficiency = narrow peaks \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 12)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Stability \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Noise on baseline \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Smooth \{{[}fa-arrow-right\}\} Detect the smallest peaks \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Minimal DL\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Drift \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} No baseline (goes up and down) \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 9)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & LDR \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} 5-8 orders of magnitude \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Can accept MP over a wide temperature range \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} T Programming \{{[}fa-arrow-right\}\} Improves separation \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Immune to T change \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Compensate T change \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Require reference gas flow \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.32 cm} x{5.68 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{GC Detectors (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Fast response and independent of T \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Simple to use, maintain, repair \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Selective/Universal \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Detect analyte of interest (S) \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Detect all species (U) \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Non-destructive \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Flame Ionization Detector (FID)}}}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Analyte elute from column\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}  Mix with H2 gas \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Combusted} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Reduced carbons \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Produce ions that alter conductivity of flame and alter current} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Signal proportional to \# of reduced carbons\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Mass sensitive} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Oxidized and e\textasciicircum{}-\textasciicircum{} capturing species \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} No-little signal \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Cannot be oxidized further} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Non-combustible gasses \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}  No signal \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Already oxidized} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{High sensitivity \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}  10\textasciicircum{}-13\& g/s\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} use FSOT/WCOT} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Large LDR \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} 7 orders of magnitude} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Destructive} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{No reference flow} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{FID Diagram}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/shaylannxd_1655332731_3-s2.0-B9780080969497000169-f16-07-9780080969497.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Electron Capturing Detector (ECD)}}}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{An ionization detector\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}  response is based upon the ability of molecules with certain functional groups to capture electrons generated by the radioactive source} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Radioactive source \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} \textasciicircum{}63\textasciicircum{}Ni\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Emits beta-particles} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{When disintegration occurs \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Large energy release \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Beta particle emission\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Impacts any filler gas and/or MP present in detector and ionize it} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Use a N2 make-up gas \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Get ionized by high energy \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Ionized N2 gas \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Pass an electric current through detector cell} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{In absence of analyte with e\textasciicircum{}-\textasciicircum{} capturing groups \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} A constant current established through the detector} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{When analyte with e\textasciicircum{}-\textasciicircum{} capturing groups enters cell\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Quench some ionization\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Reduce conductivity of gas = reduce current in cell} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Selective detector \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} analytes with a high electron affinity\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Sensitive for species that can disrupt ionization of N2 gas\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Pesticides \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}halides, peroxides, nitro groups} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ECD Diagram}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Image could not be loaded.} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.2 cm} x{4.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Thermal Conductivity Detector(TCD)}}}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Properties}} & Signal proportional to change in heat capacity\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Difference between MP and MP+analyte are relatively small \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Universal detector \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Detect solvent as well \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Undersirable \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Solvent order of magnitude is more concentrated than analyte \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Result in large solvent peaks and small analyte peaks \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} If analyte is not well retained \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Interfered by solvent \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 15)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Modest sensitivity \textasciitilde{} 10\textasciicircum{}-9 to -10\textasciicircum{} g/ml \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Less sensitive than FID \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Modest LDR \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Very short linearity \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Non-destructive \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Require a reference flow \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 1)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.2 cm} x{4.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Thermal Conductivity Detector(TCD)}} (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Basic Theory}} & Based on ability of the gas exciting the column to absorb heat \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Contains thin filament\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}electrically heated \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}As heat capacity of gas changes (MP vs MP+analyte), so does the T of the filament \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 8)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Resistance of thin filament \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}T changes the resistance \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Resistance changes the current of the circuit \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Current is VERY sensitive to T \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 9)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Reference Flow (Type 1)}} & To compensate for the T of MP coming from the oven \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}T is changing with T programmed elution \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}left section of diagram \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 7)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Equation \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}V`out1` = V`applied` * \seqsplit{(R`ref`/(R`column`+R`ref`))} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.2 cm} x{4.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Thermal Conductivity Detector(TCD)}} (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & If R`column` = R`ref` \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}two resistors are "balanced" \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}The signal from the column is coming from the MP \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}V`out1`=(1/2)V`app` \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
 & If R`column` ≠ R`ref` \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Analyte's heat capacity changes T \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}heating or cooling of filament \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}V`out1` increases as analyte elutes \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}As R`column` gets closer to 0, V`out1` gets closer to V`app` \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 12)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Reference Flow (Type 2)}} & Opposite concept as reference flow type 1 \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}right section of diagram \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 4)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Equation \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}V`out2` = V`applied` * \seqsplit{(R`column`/(R`column`+R`ref`))} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 4)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & If R`column` = R`ref` \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}two resistors are "balanced" \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}The signal from the column is coming from the MP \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}V`out1`=(1/2)V`app` \tn 
% Row Count 38 (+ 9)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.2 cm} x{4.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Thermal Conductivity Detector(TCD)}} (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & If R`column` ≠ R`ref` \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Analyte's heat capacity changes T \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Heating or cooling of filament \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}V`out2` decreases as analyte elutes \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} As R`column` gets closer to 0, V`out2` gets closer to 0 \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 12)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Reference Flow (Type 3)}} & Type 1 and Type 2 TCD operating together \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}With separate power supplies \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & If R`column` = R`ref` \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}two resistors are "balanced" \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}The signal from the column is coming from the MP \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}V`out1`=(1/2)V`app` \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 9)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
 & If Rcolumn ≠ Rref \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}As analyte elutes \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}V`out1` increases \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}V`out2` decreases \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}V`out1` and V`out2` have same magnitude, opposite signs \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Taking the difference of the two will double the V measured \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Double the signal for the same effort \tn 
% Row Count 41 (+ 16)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.2 cm} x{4.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{Thermal Conductivity Detector(TCD)}} (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Reference Flow (Type 4)}} & Same as Type 3, but with a single power supply \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Wheatstone bridge \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Name of this circuit \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Common approach for detecting VERY small change in resistance \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Advantage: Doubles the signal magnitude \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 9)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{TCD Diagram}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Image could not be loaded.} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.32 cm} x{5.68 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{GC-MS}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Properties}} & Versatile\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Provide identification power \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Have to run known standards (spiked) \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Electron beam ionization \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} M\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} and fragments \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Excellent DL \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Depending on instrument and analyte \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}  \textasciitilde{} 2-20 picog injected \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Concentration DL in sample \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}  Depends on sample work-up \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Long LDR \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}  Dependent on instrument \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}  4-6 orders of magnitude \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Selective \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}  Less interferences \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Filters out MP signal \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Destructive \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Expensive \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Basic Theory}} & Quadruple MS \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Contains 2 positive and 2 negative poles \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Movement of M\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}M\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} travels in a sinusoidal path \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}If M\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{} is too light or too heavy, it is kicked out of quadrupole \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}b/c they are not really able to respond to polarity change \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}How to fix this \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Quickly change the frequency and voltage of the poles \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Can quickly scan through all m/z ratio to obtain mass spectrum \tn 
% Row Count 46 (+ 17)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.32 cm} x{5.68 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{GC-MS (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Spectrum generated \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Total ion current (TIC)\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Easiest way \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Sum of all ion signals that passes through \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Acts as a universal detector: does not filter out MP signal \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Tells you how many species are present\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Extracted mass spectra \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Take a slice of TIC peak and see its fragments \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 16)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Isotopes \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Parent ion \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Most prominent and heaviest \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Isotopes \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Daughter peak from most prominent peaks \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}can provide more info depending on its ratio with parent peak \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Isotopically labelled analytes \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Replacing parts of molecule with deuterium \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Produces a known mass higher than the original mass \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Compare spectrum with orignal \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 19)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.32 cm} x{5.68 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{GC-MS (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Positive identification \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Compare experimental spectrum with the "real" analyte spectrum \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}3 steps \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Correct mass of molecule? \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Correct set of fragments? \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Correct fragment intensities? \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 11)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Quantitation \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Usually multiple ions monitored/measured \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Validate ratio of peaks at the correct m/z ratio \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 6)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Column bleed \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}SP is boiling and bleeding out \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Leads to a rise in baseline \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Not good \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}How to fix it \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Running at low T \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-arrow-right\}\}Purchase column made specifically for MS (\$\$\$) \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 11)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{GC-MS Diagram}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/shaylannxd_1655333050_Schematic-plot-of-the-main-components-of-GC-MS-instruments.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.12 cm} x{4.88 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Key Factors and Applications}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{When will GC be useful}} & 1. Analyte \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Needs to be volatile \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Not proteins \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Unstable at high temperature \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Silation reaction \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Produce volatile products (Risk of contamination, loss, produce new products) \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Needs to be stable \{\{fa-arrow-right\}\} Stable enough to transit the column \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 16)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 2. High enough concentration to detect \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Packed columns: great sample capacity but low resolving power and resolution\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} FSOT: lower capacity (split flow) but high resolving power and resolution \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Detectors: Has a good sensitivity \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 13)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 3. Does sample require high R' separation \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Depends on the type of detector \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Universal = high R \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Selective = low R \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.12 cm} x{4.88 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Key Factors and Applications (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 4. Generally faster than LC \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Applications}} & Anti-dopping and forensics \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 5
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 & BAC (Crime/forensics labs) \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Pharmaceuticals \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Process control \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Quality control \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Research and development \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 7)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Food and Beverages \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Wine/alcohol\{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\}Pesticides \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Environmental \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Pesticides \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} PAH and industrial solvents \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Oil/hydrocarbon spills \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 7)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & R\&D \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Organic synthesis \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Catalysis (monitor products) \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 5)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Industrial \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Feedstock \{\{nl\}\}\{\{fa-caret-right\}\} Off gassing \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}