\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article} % Packages \usepackage{fancyhdr} % For header and footer \usepackage{multicol} % Allows multicols in tables \usepackage{tabularx} % Intelligent column widths \usepackage{tabulary} % Used in header and footer \usepackage{hhline} % Border under tables \usepackage{graphicx} % For images \usepackage{xcolor} % For hex colours %\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc} % For unicode character support \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} % Without this we get weird character replacements \usepackage{colortbl} % For coloured tables \usepackage{setspace} % For line height \usepackage{lastpage} % Needed for total page number \usepackage{seqsplit} % Splits long words. %\usepackage{opensans} % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely. \usepackage[normalem]{ulem} % For underlining links % Most of the following are not required for the majority % of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support. \usepackage{amsmath} % Symbols \usepackage{MnSymbol} % Symbols \usepackage{wasysym} % Symbols %\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel} % Languages % Document Info \author{shanvjx} \pdfinfo{ /Title (opioids-pharmacology.pdf) /Creator (Cheatography) /Author (shanvjx) /Subject (Opioids(pharmacology) Cheat Sheet) } % Lengths and widths \addtolength{\textwidth}{6cm} \addtolength{\textheight}{-1cm} \addtolength{\hoffset}{-3cm} \addtolength{\voffset}{-2cm} \setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.2cm} % Space between columns \setlength{\headsep}{-12pt} % Reduce space between header and content \setlength{\headheight}{85pt} % If less, LaTeX automatically increases it \renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove footer line \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove header line \renewcommand{\seqinsert}{\ifmmode\allowbreak\else\-\fi} % Hyphens in seqsplit % This two commands together give roughly % the right line height in the tables \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3} \onehalfspacing % Commands \newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour \newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols \newcolumntype{x}[1]{>{\raggedright}p{#1}} % New column types for ragged-right paragraph columns \newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline} % Required as custom column type in use % Font and Colours \definecolor{HeadBackground}{HTML}{333333} \definecolor{FootBackground}{HTML}{666666} \definecolor{TextColor}{HTML}{333333} \definecolor{DarkBackground}{HTML}{C95CA1} \definecolor{LightBackground}{HTML}{FBF4F9} \renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault} \color{TextColor} % Header and Footer \pagestyle{fancy} \fancyhead{} % Set header to blank \fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank \fancyhead[L]{ \noindent \begin{multicols}{3} \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C} \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \vspace{-7pt} {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}} } \end{tabulary} \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L} \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Opioids(pharmacology) Cheat Sheet}}}} \\ \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{shanvjx} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/156376/cs/33242/}}} \end{tabulary} \end{multicols}} \fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize \noindent \begin{multicols}{3} \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}} \\ \vspace{-2pt}shanvjx \\ \uline{cheatography.com/shanvjx} \\ \end{tabulary} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}} \\ \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\ Updated 19th July, 2022.\\ Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}. \end{tabulary} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L} \SetRowColor{FootBackground} \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}} \\ \SetRowColor{white} \vspace{-5pt} %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg} Measure your website readability!\\ www.readability-score.com \end{tabulary} \end{multicols}} \begin{document} \raggedright \raggedcolumns % Set font size to small. Switch to any value % from this page to resize cheat sheet text: % www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html \footnotesize % Small font. \begin{multicols*}{3} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.74195 cm} x{3.23505 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Introduction to pain}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Definition of pain}} & An unpleasant sensory \& emotional experience associated with actual/potential tissue damage \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 4) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} {\bf{Purpose of pain}} & 1. As a protective mechanism \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 2) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & 2. Cause individual to react to remove pain stimulus \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 3) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nociceptive pain mechanism}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & Wide spread in superficial layers of skin \& certain internal tissues & \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 6) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} & Excited by 3 different stimuli : mechanial, thermal, chemical & \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 5) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & Pain is related to degree of receptor stimulation by processes causing tissue injury (more receptor \seqsplit{stimulated=more} pain) & \tn % Row Count 21 (+ 10) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} {\bf{2 nociceptor systems}} & 1. A delta fibres (faster) & \tn % Row Count 23 (+ 2) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & 2. C fibres (slower) & \tn % Row Count 25 (+ 2) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} {\bf{Chemicals that stimulate nociceptors}} & Histamine & \tn % Row Count 29 (+ 4) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & Bradykinins & \tn % Row Count 30 (+ 1) \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \vfill \columnbreak \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.55618 cm} x{1.51041 cm} x{1.51041 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nociceptive pain mechanism (cont)}} \tn % Row 7 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & 5-HT (serotonin) & \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) % Row 8 \SetRowColor{white} & some metabolic substances released from damaged cells (lactic acid,ATP) & \tn % Row Count 8 (+ 6) % Row 9 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Sources of nociceptive pain}} & Somatic pain & \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 3) % Row 10 \SetRowColor{white} & Visceral pain & Pain from internal structures, poorly localised, often radiates or referred to other areas \tn % Row Count 18 (+ 7) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} x{4.4793 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Neuropathic pain}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & Pain resulting from pathophysiologic changes in peripheral or CNS \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} & A state of chronic pain is sustained \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 1) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Idiopathic pain}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} Patient's psychological state contribute to pain & May be due to anzxiety,depression, other psychological disorders \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 4) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pharmacotherapy in management of pain}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{1. Opioid analegesics} \tn % Row Count 1 (+ 1) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{2. NSAIDs} \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 1) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{3. Local anaesthetics} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 1) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{4. Alpha 2 agonists} \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 1) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.19002 cm} x{1.69349 cm} x{1.69349 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Opioids}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{MOA}} & Binds to opioid receptors and inhibit action on neurons & \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 4) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} {\bf{Type of opioid receptors}} & 1. Mu receptors & effects: analgesia,respiratory\&physical depression,miosis,reduced GI motility \tn % Row Count 10 (+ 6) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & 2. Kappa receptors & effects: sedation,miosis \tn % Row Count 12 (+ 2) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} & 3. Delta receptors & effects: dysphoria,hallucinations \tn % Row Count 15 (+ 3) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.93643 cm} x{2.04057 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Classification of opioids}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Strong agonists}} & Morphine \tn % Row Count 1 (+ 1) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} & Pethidine \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 1) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & Methadone \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 1) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} & Fentanyl \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 1) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & \seqsplit{Sufentanil/Alfentanil} \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 2) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} {\bf{Mild to moderate agonists}} & Codeine \tn % Row Count 8 (+ 2) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Mixed agonist-anatagonists}} & Pentazocine \tn % Row Count 10 (+ 2) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} & Buprenorphine \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 1) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.94103 cm} x{3.03597 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Strong agonist opioid's desirable effects}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Analgesia}} & Centrally mediated \tn % Row Count 1 (+ 1) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} & Alters emotional perception of pain \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 2) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Sedation}}} \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 1) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Sense of well being}}} \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 1) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Cough supression}}} \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 1) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} {\bf{Reduce GI motility}} & Can help with diarrhoea \tn % Row Count 8 (+ 2) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.09034 cm} x{2.88666 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Strong agonist opioid's adverse effects}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Respiratory depression}} & Dose related \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} & Most important side effect which limits clinical use \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 3) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Miosis}} & Constriction of pupil \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 1) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} & Decreases ability to see in dim light \tn % Row Count 8 (+ 2) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Orthostatic hypotension}}} \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 1) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Nausea \& vomiting}}} \tn % Row Count 10 (+ 1) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Constipation}}} \tn % Row Count 11 (+ 1) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Anorexia}}} \tn % Row Count 12 (+ 1) % Row 8 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Sedation}}} \tn % Row Count 13 (+ 1) % Row 9 \SetRowColor{white} {\bf{Development of dependence}} & Cause addiction \tn % Row Count 15 (+ 2) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Caution: \newline *Eldery are more prone to adverse effects of narcotic analgescis, thus lower dose is required} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.33919 cm} x{2.63781 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Tolerance of strong agonist opioids}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Due to \seqsplit{regular/intermittent} use}} & Regular administration of fixed dose of drug give rise to progressively decreasing effect \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 5) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} & Progressively higher dose has to be administered to achieve the same effect \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 4) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Develops gradually}}} \tn % Row Count 10 (+ 1) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} {\bf{Cross tolerance between opioids}} & Will develop tolerance to drugs of similar pharmacological action \tn % Row Count 14 (+ 4) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.24425 cm} x{3.73275 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Clinical uses of strong agonists opioids}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Severe pain}}} \tn % Row Count 1 (+ 1) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Pre-medication for anaesthesia}}} \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 1) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Methadone}} & Substitution therapy in drug dependence clinics \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 2) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} & Chronic use: long term treatment in terminal cancer patients \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 2) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{0.96117 cm} x{1.14425 cm} x{2.47158 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mild-moderate agonists (CODEINE)}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Indications}} & \seqsplit{Mild-moderate} pain & Usually in combination with non-opioid analgesics \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 3) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} & Cough \seqsplit{supression} & At lower dose than that for analgesia \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 2) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.33919 cm} x{2.63781 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mixed agonist-antagonist opioids}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Opioids with full agonist activity at one receptor subtype but behaves like an antagonist or partial agonist at another receptor subtype} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 3) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} Examples: & Pentazocine \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 1) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & Buprenorphine \tn % Row Count 5 (+ 1) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} {\bf{Clinical uses}} & Chronic severe pain \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 1) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & Drug abusers \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 1) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} p{0.4977 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Advantages of mixed agonist-antagonist}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Less adverse effects mediated by specific receptors}}} \tn % Row Count 2 (+ 2) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Less prone to cause dependence and abuse}}} \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 1) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Caution: \newline *Should not be given to patients that are already on treatment with pure strong agonist as it may precipate severe withdrawal syndrome} \tn \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{0.86963 cm} x{1.87657 cm} x{1.8308 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Tramadol}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} \mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Chemically unrelated to other opioid drugs} \tn % Row Count 1 (+ 1) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} {\bf{MOA}} & Partial mu agonist & Less affinity than morphine \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 2) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & Inhibition of serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake & Levels of \seqsplit{serotonin\&noradrenaline} increase \tn % Row Count 7 (+ 4) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} & Block nociceptor impulse at spinal level & \tn % Row Count 10 (+ 3) % Row 4 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Clinical use}} & Mild to moderate pain & \tn % Row Count 13 (+ 3) % Row 5 \SetRowColor{white} {\bf{Adverse effects}} & Less constipation,less respiratory depression,less dependence than opioids & \tn % Row Count 18 (+ 5) % Row 6 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} & Dizziness,sedation,nausea,vomiting & \tn % Row Count 21 (+ 3) % Row 7 \SetRowColor{white} & Constipation,headache & \tn % Row Count 23 (+ 2) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} \begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} } \SetRowColor{DarkBackground} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Counselling points for opioids}} \tn % Row 0 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{Drug may cause drowsiness,dizziness,blurring of vision}} & Do not drive or operate heavy machinery \tn % Row Count 3 (+ 3) % Row 1 \SetRowColor{white} \mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Avoid alcohol}}} \tn % Row Count 4 (+ 1) % Row 2 \SetRowColor{LightBackground} {\bf{If patient experience GI effects}} & Drug can be taken with food \tn % Row Count 6 (+ 2) % Row 3 \SetRowColor{white} {\bf{Seek medical attention if}} & Experience severe nausea,vomiting,constipation \tn % Row Count 9 (+ 3) \hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--} \end{tabularx} \par\addvspace{1.3em} % That's all folks \end{multicols*} \end{document}