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\author{Shanayak}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (transport-of-food-and-minerals-in-plants.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Shanayak)
  /Subject (Transport of food and minerals in plants Cheat Sheet)
}

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\noindent
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Transport of food and minerals in plants Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Shanayak} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/217647/cs/48240/}}}
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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
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  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Shanayak \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/shanayak} \\
  \end{tabulary}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 27th June, 2026.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Essential elements}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Definition  {\emph{ Elements necessary for healthy plant growth. }} Total = 16 essential elements  Macronutrients  {\emph{ Needed in large amounts. }} Carbon (C) {\emph{ Hydrogen (H) }} Oxygen (O) {\emph{ Nitrogen (N) }} Phosphorus (P) {\emph{ Potassium (K) }} Sulphur (S) {\emph{ Calcium (Ca) }} Magnesium (Mg)  Micronutrients (Trace Elements)  {\emph{ Needed in small amounts. }} Chlorine (Cl) {\emph{ Iron (Fe) }} Copper (Cu) {\emph{ Boron (B) }} Molybdenum (Mo) {\emph{ Zinc (Zn) }} Manganese (Mn)} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Essential elements}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Definition  {\emph{ Elements necessary for healthy plant growth. }} Total = 16 essential elements  Macronutrients  {\emph{ Needed in large amounts. }} Carbon (C) {\emph{ Hydrogen (H) }} Oxygen (O) {\emph{ Nitrogen (N) }} Phosphorus (P) {\emph{ Potassium (K) }} Sulphur (S) {\emph{ Calcium (Ca) }} Magnesium (Mg)  Micronutrients (Trace Elements)  {\emph{ Needed in small amounts. }} Chlorine (Cl) {\emph{ Iron (Fe) }} Copper (Cu) {\emph{ Boron (B) }} Molybdenum (Mo) {\emph{ Zinc (Zn) }} Manganese (Mn)} \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{xylem ( occurrence and functions))}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{xylem and phloem usually {\bf{occur together :)}} in the {\bf{roots, stems and leaves}} and they both form {\bf{vascular bundles}}.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Functions}}-    Transport water \& minerals (roots → plant). {\emph{ Support: Tracheids + xylem fibres. }} Storage: Xylem parenchyma.} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Phloem}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Complex tissue → Parenchymatous + sclerenchymatous cells. {\emph{ Contains living \& non-living cells. }} 4 elements: Sieve tubes, Companion cells, Phloem parenchyma, Phloem fibres.} \tn 
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% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{sieve tubes}}-     Main conducting elements. {\emph{ Elongated, cylindrical, thin-walled cells. }} Arranged in vertical rows. {\emph{ End walls perforated → Sieve plates. }} Pores = Sieve areas. {\emph{ Food passes through sieve areas. }} At maturity → No nucleus. * Remain living due to companion cells.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{companion cells}}-     Associated with sieve tubes. {\emph{ Smaller cells. }} Dense cytoplasm. {\emph{ Prominent nucleus. }} Help in food conduction.} \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Phloem Parenchyma  {\emph{ Thin-walled, living cells. }} Stores food.  Phloem Fibres  {\emph{ Sclerenchymatous, elongated. }} Dead, lignified. {\emph{ Provide mechanical support.  Occurrence  }} Present in all parts of the plant.  Functions  {\emph{ Conducts food from leaves → other plant parts \& storage organs. }} Stores organic matter (Phloem parenchyma). * Mechanical support (Phloem fibres).} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 8)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{To show transport of food}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Aim  {\emph{ Show transport of food in plants.  Girdling  }} Removal of phloem (bark) from the wood.  Procedure  1. Select a small tree. 2. Remove 1 cm ring of bark using a razor blade. 3. Leave for 1 week.  Observation  {\emph{ Above girdled area → Swells. }} Below girdled area → No swelling.  Reason  {\emph{ Phloem removed → Food transport blocked. }} Food accumulates above the cut.  Conclusion  {\emph{ Phloem transports food. }} Xylem remains intact → Water transport continues.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Root pressure}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Definition  {\emph{ Pressure causing water to move from living root cells into xylem.  Cause  }} Accumulation of absorbed water in roots.  Function  * Helps transport water stem → leaves.} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Partially permeable membrane}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Definition  {\emph{ Membrane that allows certain substances to pass but blocks others. }} Thin membrane with small pores.  Allows  {\emph{ Solvent (water) molecules.  Does NOT Allow  }} Solute molecules.  Examples  {\emph{ Plasma membrane }} Egg membrane {\emph{ Cellophane paper  SCIS-BITS  }} Cell wall is freely permeable → allows almost all substances to pass.} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{What is diffusion?}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Diffusion is the {\bf{method of transport}} of materials in {\bf{single celled and }}simple multicellular** plants} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Diffusion is the {\bf{net movement of molecules}} from the {\bf{region of higher concentration}} to the region of {\bf{lower concentration}} until they are {\bf{spread out evenly}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Transpiration}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Definition  {\emph{ Loss of water as water vapour from leaves to the atmosphere. }} Occurs through stomata by diffusion.  Why does it occur?  {\emph{ Plants absorb more water than required. }} Excess water is lost by transpiration. {\emph{ Some water is used for:     }} Photosynthesis     {\emph{ Keeping plant erect     }} Preventing wilting  Transpiration Pull  {\emph{ Evaporation of water from leaves creates suction pull. }} Pulls water roots → stem → branches → leaves. {\emph{ Water moves through xylem.  Importance  }} Transports water \& minerals to leaves. {\emph{ Supplies water for photosynthesis. }} Produces cooling effect. {\emph{ Prevents damage due to strong sunlight. }} Cools surroundings.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ascent of Sap}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Ascent of Sap  Definition  * Upward movement of water through xylem due to transpiration.  Process  1. Cell membrane = Partially permeable. 2. Cell sap in vacuole has high solute concentration. 3. Soil has higher water concentration than root hairs. 4. Water enters root hair by osmosis. 5. Cell sap becomes diluted. 6. Water moves cell → cell by osmosis. 7. Water reaches xylem. 8. Xylem carries water upwards against gravity due to transpiration.} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Minerals in plants}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Sources  {\emph{ Atmosphere }} Water {\emph{ Soil }} Minerals return to soil by death \& decay of plants and animals.} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Factors affecting transpiration}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. Intensity of Light  {\emph{ Day: Stomata open → More transpiration }} Night: Stomata close → Less transpiration  2. Temperature  {\emph{ Higher temperature → Higher transpiration  3. Wind  }} Higher wind speed → Higher transpiration  4. Humidity  {\emph{ Higher humidity → Lower transpiration  5. Soil Water  }} Dry soil → Less available water → Lower transpiration  ⸻  SCI-BITS  {\emph{ Root Pressure Theory proposed in the early 18th century. }} Cannot alone explain water rise in tall trees.} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Osmosis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Definition  {\emph{ Movement of water molecules through a partially permeable (semipermeable) membrane. }} Water moves from higher water concentration → lower water concentration. {\emph{ A special type of diffusion involving water only.  Requirements  }} Two solutions. * Partially permeable membrane.} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Upward movement of water in plant shoot}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Aim  {\emph{ Show upward movement of water in a plant shoot.  Procedure  1. Take a balsam shoot. 2. Place in dilute red dye (eosin/safranin). 3. Leave for some time. 4. Cut stem sections. 5. Observe under low-power microscope.  Observation  }} Only certain parts become red. {\emph{ Stained region = Xylem.  Conclusion  }} Xylem transports water upward through the plant.} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{What are conducting tissues?}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{In {\bf{tall plants}} diffusion {\bf{occurs slowly}}, it cannot move materials enough in {\bf{sufficient quantities}}.} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{So {\bf{conducting tissues}} in plants have developed.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{movement of water and minerals}} takes place from the {\bf{roots}} to {\bf{other plant parts}} , {\bf{through stem}}. The {\bf{upward movement}} of water and minerals occurs through {\bf{channels}} called {\bf{xylem elements.}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{these xylems element channels r present in {\bf{roots,stem and leaves of plants}}.} \tn 
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{movement of food materials}} in the leaves transport through another channel called {\bf{phloem}}. It transports the food from {\bf{leaves}} to {\bf{all other parts of the plant body}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Demonstration of Osmosis}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Aim  {\emph{ Demonstrate osmosis.  Procedure  1. Take 2 bowls. 2. Bowl A: Put raisins in water. 3. Bowl B: Put grapes in sugar solution. 4. Leave for a few hours.  Observation  }} Bowl A: Raisins swell. {\emph{ Bowl B: Grapes in sugar solution do not swell (may shrink if observed longer).  Conclusion  }} Water enters raisins by osmosis, causing them to swell.} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Demonstration of transpiration}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Aim  {\emph{ Demonstrate transpiration.  Materials  }} 2 flasks {\emph{ Water }} Plant twig {\emph{ Oil }} Cotton plug  Procedure  1. Fill flasks half with water. 2. Mark water level. 3. Add oil layer (prevents evaporation). 4. Place plant twig in Flask A. 5. Close both flasks with cotton plugs. 6. Leave for 24 hours.  Observation  {\emph{ Flask A: Water level decreases. }} Flask B: Water level unchanged.  Conclusion  * Water lost through transpiration from leaves.} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Absorption of water by roots}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Functions of Roots  {\emph{ Anchor (fix) plant to soil. }} Absorb water \& mineral salts.} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Structure of Roots  Root  {\emph{ Cylindrical, non-green, underground part. }} Near root tip → Root hairs present.  Root Hairs  {\emph{ Unicellular, microscopic. }} Absorb water \& mineral salts from soil. {\emph{ Water enters by osmosis.  ⸻  Key Ideas  }} Plants have no heart or blood. {\emph{ Circulation occurs through sap. }} Sap moves via xylem \& phloem.} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Active transport}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Definition  {\emph{ Movement of molecules against concentration gradient. }} Requires energy. {\emph{ Occurs across a semipermeable membrane.  In Plants  }} Root hairs absorb minerals by active transport. {\emph{ Root hair cells have higher mineral concentration than soil.  Passive Absorption  }} Water absorbed by transpiration pull. * No energy required.} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Xylem ( parts and structure)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Xylem is a {\bf{complex tissue}} as it consists of both {\bf{parenchymatous}} ( living thin wall cells) and {\bf{sclerenchymatous}} ( dead thick walled cells)} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{xylems is composed of {\bf{four elemets ;0}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. {\bf{Tracheid}}- It is a {\bf{non-living}}, {\bf{elongated}} cell with {\bf{tapering ends}}. The wall is highly {\bf{thickned}} with {\bf{lignin}} except at certain circular spots called {\bf{pits}}.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2. {\bf{Vessel}}- It is a {\bf{cylindrical tube-like}} structure which is {\bf{placed one above the other, end to end}}. The {\bf{end walls}} of the vessels {\bf{dissolve}} partially or completely to form {\bf{a continous channel}}} \tn 
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Tracheids and vessels are {\bf{main conducting}} elements in the xylem. they also provide {\bf{mechanical support}} tho...} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{3. {\bf{Xylem parenchyma}}- it consists of {\bf{thich walled}}..{\bf{living cells}} it performs the {\bf{function of storage}}.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{4. {\bf{xylem fibers}}- They are {\bf{non living}} and {\bf{thick walled cells}} which provide {\bf{mechanical support}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

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