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\author{shamslam845}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (japanese-102-chapter.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (shamslam845)
  /Subject (Japanese 102 Chapter Cheat Sheet)
}

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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Japanese 102 Chapter Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{shamslam845} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/20442/cs/3367/}}}
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\noindent
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}shamslam845 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/shamslam845} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 23rd February, 2015.\\
   Updated 12th May, 2016.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.04 cm} x{4.96 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 10 L1: Short Forms - Present, Affirmative}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Verbs & Same as dictionary form \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
い-adjectives & Same as dictionary form \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
な-adjectives & replace です with だ \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
noun+です & replace です with だ \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Short forms are used for: \newline * In casual conversations \newline * In represented or quoted speech ("I think...", "She said...") \newline * In making negative requests ("Please don't..." ) \newline * In expressing ideas like "I like doing..." or "I am good at doing..."}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Informal Speech}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{* Questions do not end with か, but with rising intonation. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
*  The だ　ending of な-adjectives and noun+です constructions is usually dropped at the very end of a sentence.% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{I think that . . .}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{short form + とおもいます% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{They said . . .}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{short form + といっていました% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Please don't . . .}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{negative short form + でください% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Question Word with が}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{When there is a question trying to fill in a blank in the information sheet using a question word like だれ and なに: \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
    \seqsplit{だれがおきなわにいきましたか。} \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
    Who went to Okinawa? \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
The answer also uses が： \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{ロバートさんがおきなわにいきました。}% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{New Piece of Information with が}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{What if we both know that someone went to Okinawa recently, and I know that it was Robert, but you don't. I will say: \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
ロバートさん{\bf{が}}おきなわにいきました。 \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
{\bf{ROBERT}} went to Okinawa.% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The word for "something": なにか}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{The word for "something" is なにか： \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
ねこが{\bf{なにか}}もってきました。 \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
The cat has brought something.% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The word for "anything?": なにか}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{なにか is used in questions as "anything?": \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
ねこは{\bf{なにか}}たべましたか。% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{"Not.. anything" with なにも + negative}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{To say "Not... anything" use なにも + negative: \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\seqsplit{いいえ、　ねこはなにもたべませんでした。} \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
No, the cat did not eat anything.% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.14 cm} x{3.192 cm} x{3.268 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Past Tense Short Forms}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Past tense, affirmative & Past tense, negative \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Verbs & replace て/で in te-forms with た/だ & replace い in the present tense negative ない with かった \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{い-adjectives} & drop the final です in the long forms & \textless{}- same \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{な-adjectives} & replace でした in the long forms with だった & drop the final です in the long forms \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
noun + \seqsplit{です} & replace でした in the long forms with だった & drop the final です in the long forms \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Someone said}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{スーさんは、 \seqsplit{こうこうのときめがねをかけていたといっていました。} \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
Sue said that she wore glasses in high school.% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Think something in the past}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\seqsplit{トムさんがやったとおもいます。} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
I think Tom did it.% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Qualifying Nouns with Verbs and Adjectives}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\seqsplit{あそこで本をよんでいるがくせいはみちこさんです。} \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
The student who is reading a book over there is Michiko.% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{The short form of verbs can be used to qualify nouns.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{have not ... yet}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{まだ～ていません \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
have not ... yet \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{スーさんはまだおきていません。} \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
Sue has not woken up yet. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{私はまだひるごはんをたべていません。} \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
I haven't eaten yet.% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{(reason) \seqsplit{から、　(statement)。}}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{(explanation) から、 (situation)。= (situation), because (explanation). = (explanation), therefore, (situation). \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
\seqsplit{あしたしけんがあるから、　わたしはこんばんべんきょうします。} \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
We will have an exam tomorrow, therfore I will study this evening. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
\seqsplit{さむかったから、　てかけませんでした。} \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
We didn't go out, because it was cold.% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{You can use the long or short form before から。 The long form before から is more polite}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 10 L1: Comparison between Two Items}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Making a statement:}}  \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
A{\bf{のほうが}}　Bより　(property)。　=　A {\bf{is more}} (property) than B.   \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
Ex. 1  \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
ちゅうごく{\bf{のほうが}}にほんよりおおきです。  \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
China is larger than Japan. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
{\bf{Asking a question:}}  \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
AとBと \seqsplit{どちらのほうが　(property)。　＝　Between} A and B, which is more (property)?   \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
Ex. 2  \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
バスとでんしゃとどちら{\bf{のほうが}}やすいですか。  \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
Which is cheaper, (going by) bus or train?% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 10 L2: Comparison among Three or More Items}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{To compare 3 or more items:}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
{[}(class of items) {\bf{のなかで}}{]} Aが{\emph{いちばん}} (property)。=  \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
A is {\emph{the most}} (property) {[}{\bf{among}} (a class of items){]}. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
Ex. 1 \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{ロシアとフランスと日本の中で、どこがいちばんさむいですか。} \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
Between Russia, France, and Japan, which country has the coldest climate? \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
\seqsplit{ロシアがいちばんさむいと思います。} \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
Russia is the coldest, I think. \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
Ex. 2 \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{きせつのなかでいつがいちばんすきですか。} \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
What season do you like best? \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{あきがいちばんすきです。} \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
I like fall the most.% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{中= なか}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 10 L3: adjective/noun + の}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Adjective + の}} \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
When a noun follows an adjective, and when it is clear what you are referring to, you can replace the noun with the prounoun の. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 3)
い-adjective + noun -\textgreater{} い-adjective + の \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
な-adjective + noun -\textgreater{} な-adjective + の \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
Ex. 1 \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
私はくろいくろい{\bf{セーター}}を持っています。あかい{\bf{の}}がありませんでした。（の＝セーター） \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 3)
I have a black sweater. I have a red one, too. \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
{\bf{Noun + の}} \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
A noun following another noun can be reduced. A sequence like "noun\textasciicircum{}1\textasciicircum{}のnoun\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{}" can be reduced to "noun\textasciicircum{}1\textasciicircum{}の." \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 3)
Ex. 2 \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
これはスーさんの{\bf{かばん}}ですか。 \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
Is this Sue's bag? \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{いいえ、それはメアリーさんの\_\_\_\_です。} \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 2)
No, that is Mary's \_\_\_.% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 10 L4: つもりだ - I intend to do.}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{verb(present, short) + つもりだ　= (I) intend to do. . .}} \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
I intend to play tennis with Takeshi this weekend. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
\seqsplit{（わたしは）しゅまつにたけしさんとテニスをするつもりです。} \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
{\bf{verb(negative, short) + つもり = (I) intend not to do. . .}} \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
Professor Yamashita does not intend to come to school tomorrow. \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
\seqsplit{山下先生はあした大学に来ないつもりです。}% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 10 L5: なる - "to become"}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{The verb なる means "to become," indicating a change.  なる follows nouns and both types of adjectives. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
With い　adjectives, the final い is dropped and く is added: \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
あたたかい　-\textgreater{} あたたくなる　to become warm/warmer \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
With な adjectives, the final な is dropped and に is added: \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
しずか(な)　-\textgreater{} しずかになる　to become quiet/quieter \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
With nouns, に is added: \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
かいしゃいん　-\textgreater{} \seqsplit{かいしゃいんになる　to} become a company employee% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 10 L6: \seqsplit{どこかに/どこかにも}}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{something = 　何か＿ \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
not anything =　何＿も　 \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
someone = 　だれか＿ \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
not anyone = 　だれ＿も \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
somewhere = 　どこか＿ \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
not anywhere = 　どこ＿も \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
＿＝ the particle used \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
Ex.1 \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{だれかにあいましたか。} \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
Did you see anybody? \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{いいえ、だれにもあいませんでした。} \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
No, I didn't see anybody. \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
Ex. 2 \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
何かしましたか。 \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
Did you do anything? \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{いいえ、なにもしませんでした。} \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
No, I didn't do anything.% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 11 L1: "I want to do" using  \textasciitilde{}たい}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Use the verb stem (the verb that goes before ます) + たいです to describe your hope or aspiration. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
{\bf{Grammar Rule:}} \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
verb stem + たいです                     I want to do... \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
{\bf{Example 1:}} \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
こんどのしゅまつは、えいがをみ{\bf{たい}}です。 \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
I want to see a film this weekend. \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
The combination of a verb and たい conjugates as an い-adjective. \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
{\bf{Negative Example:}} \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{あのひとにはあいたくないです。} \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
I don't want to see that person. \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
{\bf{Past Tense Example:}} \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{セーターがかいたかったから、デパートにいきました。} \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 2)
I went to a department store, because I wanted to buy a sweater.% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 11 L2:  ～ たり～たりする}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{To connect clauses as examples, and in no set order, you can use the form \seqsplit{～たり～たりする。} \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
{\bf{Rule:}} \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
(activity A) たり  (activity B) たりする \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
do such things as A and B \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
おおさかでかいものをし{\bf{たり}}、ばんごはんをたべ{\bf{たりします}}。 \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
In Osaka, I will {\bf{do such things as}} shopping, {\bf{and}} eating dinner.% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 11 L3: ～ことがある}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{The past tense short form of a verb + ことがある describes that you did something, or something happened, in earlier times. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
{\bf{Grammar Rule:}} \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
verb(short, past, affirmative) + ことがある \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
have the experience of ... \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
{\bf{Example 1:}} \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
ふじさんにのぼった{\bf{ことがあります}}。 \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
I have had the experience of climbing Mt. Fuji. \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
{\bf{Example 2:}} \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
たけしさんはじゅぎょうをやすんだ{\bf{ことがありません}}。 \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
Takeshi has never been absent from classes ( in his life ).% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 11 L4: noun A や noun B}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{や connects two nouns, as does と. や suggests that the things referred to are proposed as examples, and that you are not citing an exhaustive list. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
{\bf{Grammar Rule:}} \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
A や B \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
A and B, for example \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
{\bf{Example 1:}} \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{きょうとやならにいきました。} \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
I wen to Kyoto and Nara (for example, and may have visited other places as well).% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 12 L1: Explaining things using \textasciitilde{}んです}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Explain things using ～んです。 \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
んです goes after the short form( affirmative or negative; present or past ). \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
\seqsplit{あしたテストがあるんです。} \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
I have an exam tomorrow.(So I can't go out tonight.) \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\seqsplit{しけんがおわったんです。} \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
The exam is over. (That's why I'm smiling.) \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
When it follows a noun or な-adjective, な comes in between.% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 12 L2: "too much" using ～すぎる}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Verb stems may be followed by the helping verb すぎる, which means "too much." \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
～すぎる conjugates as a regular ru-verb. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{はやくおきすぎました。} \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
I got up too early. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{たべすぎてはいけません。} \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
You must not eat too much. \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
To use すぎる with いー and なー adjectives, you drop the い and な and add すぎる. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\seqsplit{このほんはたかすぎます。} \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
This book is expensive.% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 12 L3: Advice using ～ほうがいいです}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Use ほうがいいです to say that it is advisable to do something. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
ほうがいいです follows different tense forms, depending on whether the advice is given in the affirmative or negative. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
When the advice is in the affirmative, ほうがいいです follows the past tense short form of a verb. \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3)
When the advice is negative, the verb is in the present tense short form. \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
\seqsplit{もっとやさいをたべたほうがいいですよ。} \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
You'd better eat more vegetables. \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{じゅぎょうをやすまないほうがいいですよ。} \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
It is better not to skip classes.% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 12 L4: formal "because"  using \textasciitilde{}ので}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{ので is just like から, but it sounds more formal. \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\seqsplit{いつもにほんごではなすので、にほんごがじょうずになりました。} \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
My Japanese has improved, because I always speak Japanese. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
The reason part ends in short form present verb. When ので follows a な-adjective or noun, な comes in between . \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3)
\seqsplit{そのひとはいじわるなので、きらいです。} \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
I do not like that person, because he is mean.% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{(reason) ので　(situation)。 \newline situation, because (reason).}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 12 L5: "must" using \textasciitilde{}なければ}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Use short form present, but drop the い and add \seqsplit{なければいけません。} \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\seqsplit{しけんがあるから、べんきょうしなければいけません。} \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
I have to study, because there will be an exam.% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{short form present - い + \seqsplit{なければいけません} \newline must do something.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ch. 12 L6: Prediction using ～でしょう}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Use でしょう when making a guess or a prediction. でしょう follows verbs and い-adjectives in short forms, in the affirmative and in the negative. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
\seqsplit{あしたはあめがふるでしょう。} \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
It will probably rain tomorrow. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
\seqsplit{あしたはあめがふらないでしょう。} \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
It will probably not rain tomorrow.% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}