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\author{SESITH01}
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  /Title (disease-detectives.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (SESITH01)
  /Subject (Disease Detectives Cheat Sheet)
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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Disease Detectives Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{SESITH01} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/111028/cs/21608/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}SESITH01 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/sesith01} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 24th January, 2020.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Epidemology Terms}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Cluster- An aggregation of cases over a particular period closely grouped in time and space, regardless of whether the number is more than the expected number} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Endemic Disease- Present at a continuous level throughout a population/geographic area; constant presence of an agent/health condition within a given geographic area/population; refers to the usual prevalence of an agent/condition.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Epidemic- Large numbers of people over a wide geographical area are affected.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Etiology- Study of the cause of a disease.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Fomite- A physical object that serves to transmit an infectious agent from person to person. An example of this is lice on a comb. The comb is the fomite and the lice are the agent that can make your hair itch.} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Incubation Period- Time in between when a person comes into contact with a pathogen and when they first show symptoms or signs of disease.} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Index Case- First patient in an epidemiological study (also known as patient zero or primary case).} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Latent Period- Time in between when a person comes into contact with a pathogen and when they become infected.} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Morbidity- Rate of disease in a population.} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Mortality- Rate of death in a population.} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Outbreak- More cases of a particular disease than expected in a given area or among a specialized group of people over a particular period of time.} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Epidemology Terms (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Pandemic- An epidemic occurring over several countries or continents and affecting a large proportion of the population.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Plague- A serious, potentially life-threatening infectious disease that is usually transmitted to humans by the bites of rodent fleas. It was one of the scourges of our early history. There are three major forms of the disease: bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 6)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Nosocomial Disease-  An infection that is acquired in a hospital.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Risk- The probability that an individual will be affected by, or die from, an illness or injury within a stated time or age span.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Surveillance- The systematic and ongoing collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data. The purpose of public health surveillance is to gain knowledge of the patterns of disease, injury, and other health problems in a community so that we can work towards their prevention and control.} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 7)
% Row 16
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Vector- An animal that transmits disease. For example, a mosquito is a vector for malaria.} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 17
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Zoonosis- An infectious disease that is transmissible from animals to humans.} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 18
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Symptomatic- Showing symptoms or signs of injury.} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 19
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Asymptomatic- Showing no signs or symptoms, although can be carrier of disease.} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ten Steps to Investigating an Outbreak}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Prepare the Field Work} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Establish the Existence of an Outbreak} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Verify the Diagnosis} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Define and Identify Cases} \tn 
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% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Describe in Terms of Times, Place, and Person} \tn 
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% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Develop Hypothesis (Agent/host/environment)} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Evaluate Hypothesis} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Refine Hypothesis and do Additional Studies} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Implement Control and Preventative Measures} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 9
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Communicate Findings} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Epidemiology Types}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Classical Epidemiology- population oriented, studies community origins of health problems related to nutrition, environment, human behavior, and the psychological, social, and spiritual state of a population. The event is more aimed towards this type of epidemiology.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Clinical Epidemiology- studies patients in health care settings in order to improve the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases and the prognosis for patients already affected by a disease. These can be further divided into:} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Infectious Disease Epidemiology- heavily dependent on laboratory support} \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Chronic Disease Epidemiology- dependent on complex sampling and statistical methods} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sesith01_1579293355_Screenshot 2019-12-14 at 12.08.48 AM.png}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2 x 2 Equations}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sesith01_1579293686_Screenshot 2020-01-17 at 3.26.28 PM.png}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The P-value tells us whether the results of the study can be used. The P-value is the measure of how confident you are that your findings are correct. You can only trust your findings to be correct if the P-value is less than .05.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Study Designs Pros/Cons}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/sesith01_1579902757_Screenshot 2020-01-24 at 4.51.21 PM.png}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Five Step Process for Surveillance}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. Identify, define, and measure the health problem of interest} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{2. Collect and compile data about the problem (and if possible, factors that influence it)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{3. Analyze and interpret these data} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{4. Provide these data and their interpretation to those responsible for controlling the health problem} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{5. Monitor and periodically evaluate the usefulness and quality of surveillance to improve it for future use. Note that surveillance of a problem does not include actions to control the problem} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Epidemiological Study Designs}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Ecological- comparisons of geographical locations} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Cross Sectional- a survey,health questionnaire, "snapshot in time"} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Case-Control- compare people with and without disease to find common exposures} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Cohort- compare people with and without exposures to see what happens to each} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Randomized Controlled Trial- human experiment} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Quasi Experiments - research similarities with traditional experimental design or RCT, but lack element of random assignment to treatment/control} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Disease Prevention}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Primary prevention - early intervention to avoid initial exposure to agent of disease preventing the process from starting} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Secondary prevention - during the latent stage (when the disease has just begun), process of screening and instituting treatment may prevent progression to symptomatic disease} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Tertiary prevention - during the symptomatic stage (when the patient shows symptoms), intervention may arrest, slow, or reverse the progression of disease} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Quaternary prevention - set of health activities to mitigate or avoid consequences of unnecessary/excessive intervention of the health system.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Methods of Reducing Risk}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Cook meat, poultry, and eggs thoroughly.} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Don't cross-contaminate one food with another.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Chill and refrigerate leftovers promptly.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Clean and wash all produce.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Report suspected foodborne illnesses to the local health department.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Characteristics of Agents}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Infectivity - capacity to cause infection in a susceptible host} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Pathogenicity - capacity to cause disease in a host} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Virulence - severity of disease that the agent causes to host} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

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