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% Document Info
\author{seremin (seremin)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (biology-x-photosynthesis.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (seremin (seremin))
  /Subject (Biology X - Photosynthesis Cheat Sheet)
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\begin{multicols}{3}
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Biology X - Photosynthesis Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{seremin (seremin)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/159103/cs/33559/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}seremin (seremin) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/seremin} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 7th August, 2022.\\
   Updated 7th August, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Important Terms}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The process by which green plants make {\bf{glucose}} or food with the help of {\bf{Carbon dioxide and water}} in presence of {\bf{sunlight}} and chlorophyll is called Photosynthesis} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{6CO`2` + 12H`2`O -{}-\textgreater{} C`6`H`12`O`6` + 6O`2` + 6H`2`O} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{NADP- {\bf{Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Chlorophyll is the green pigment found in plants.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Chloroplasts are {\bf{minute oval bodies}} bounded by a double membrane, and their interior contains closely packed flattened sacks ({\bf{{\emph{thylakoids}}}}) arranged in piles ({\bf{{\emph{grana}}}}) lying in a colourless ground substance called {\bf{stroma}}.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The Carbon Cycle is a {\bf{series of chemical reactions}} in which carbon as a chemical element is {\bf{removed}} from the air, used by {\bf{living organisms in their body processes}} and is finally returned to air.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Photolysis of water}}: Chemical decomposition of water induced by light or other radiant energy. Photolysis plays an important role in photosynthesis, during which it produces energy by splitting water molecules into gaseous oxygen and hydrogen ions.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{In the process of photosynthesis, the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP using the energy of sunlight is called {\bf{photophosphorylation.}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Stomatal Opening and Closing}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Adaptations in Leaf For Photosynthesis}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Large Surface Area}} - for maximum light absorption} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Leaf Arrangement}} - at the right angle to the light source to obtain maximum light} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Cuticle and Upper Epidermis}} - are transparent and waterproof to allow light to enter freely} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Numerous Stomata}} - allow rapid exchange of gases} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Thinness of Leaves}} - reduces distance between cells facilitating rapid transport} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Chloroplasts}} - concentrated in the upper layers of leaf to obtain light energy quickly} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Extensive Vein System}} - for rapid transport to and from the mesophyll cells.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{The following steps are involved in stomatal transpiration:}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Osmotic diffusion transports water from the leaf's xylem to the intercellular space above the stomata.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The stomata open and close.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Through stomata, water is transported from the intercellular space to the external environment.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Provides Food} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Provides Oxygen} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Stages in Photosynthesis:}}  \tn
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{\bf{Light Reaction}}: Light reaction occurs in the thylakoids during daytime in the presence of sunlight. Since it results in the formation of chemical energy from radiant energy, it is called a photochemical reaction and it is divided into 4 stages. & {\bf{Dark Reaction}}: This reaction occurs in the stroma. Since this reaction results in the formation of biomolecules, it is called a biosynthetic phase. There are three stages identified in the Calvin cycle. \tn 
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{\bf{Absorption of light energy}}: Chlorophyll pigments present in Photosynthetic units in the thylakoids absorb a photon of energy. This results in electrons being excited into a higher energy level. & {\bf{Carboxylation}}: CO2 is covalently linked to a 5 carbon sugar (RuBP) and converted to 2 three carbon compounds. \tn 
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{\bf{Photolysis of water}}: The excess energy is used to split a molecule of water into H+ and OH– ions.  Oxygen is formed as a byproduct and is released into the atmosphere. 4H₂O → 4H⁺ + 4(OH) ⁻           (i)  4(OH) ⁻→ 2H₂O + O₂ + 4e⁻   (ii)  2H₂O→ 4H⁺ +      O₂ + 4e⁻ (adding i + ii) & {\bf{Reduction}}: In the presence of the energy stored in the NADPH₂ and ATP, the two 3-carbon molecules combine to form a six carbon glucose molecule. NADP is got back from NADPH₂ and ADP is obtained from ATP. These are used in the next cycle of the light reaction. (The hydrogen released is used to reduce carbon dioxide into sugar molecule). \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Stages in Photosynthesis: (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{Reduction of NADP}}: 2NADP + 4e⁻ + 4H⁺ → NADPH & {\bf{Regeneration}}: The CO2 acceptor RuBP reforms at the expense of ATP. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Photophosphorylation}}: In the presence of sunlight, ADP binds with inorganic phosphate to form ATP. (ADP + Pià ATP)} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The ATP and NADPH formed in the reaction are used to reduce CO₂ to carbohydrates in the dark reaction.} \tn 
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% That's all folks
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