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\author{MatTheHat (SchwemScribbles)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (ib-chem-option-c-energy-climate-key-concepts.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (MatTheHat (SchwemScribbles))
  /Subject (IB Chem: Option C-Energy Climate Key Concepts Cheat Sheet)
}

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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{IB Chem: Option C-Energy Climate Key Concepts Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{MatTheHat (SchwemScribbles)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/102350/cs/21207/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}MatTheHat (SchwemScribbles) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/schwemscribbles} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 24th November, 2019.\\
   Updated 24th November, 2019.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Climate Models}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{A climate model is a simulation of the factors that could affect Earth's climate.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{It helps us see what might happen to Earth.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Factors that don't change:  elevation, latitude} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Factors that do change: air pollution, volcanic eruptions, etc.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{With a climate model, we can manipulate variables and safely and easily see their effects.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{We know they are accurate because we use info gathered from old trees, ice cores, NASA satellites, and human record-keeping to verify the effects.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Predictions can suggest how to mitigate the worst effects of climate change and help decision-makers prioritize environmental issues based on scientific evidence.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Climate models have the ability to advance the way we plan our cities and even influence business opportunites.} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.38896 cm} x{2.58804 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{What Happens to the Bonds in Greenhouse Gases?}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{When the greenhouse gases absorb long wave radiation, the wave's energy causes the bonds to vibrate.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The bonds will stretch and bend as a result of this energy input.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The molecules have a change in dipole moment and may even change their angle temporarily.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The incoming energy, used to vibrate the bonds, is then released back into the atmosphere over time as a slightly longer IR wavelength than it was when it was absorbed.} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Vibrations of H20: & Vibrations of CO2: \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
asymmetrical stretching (IR active) & asymmetrical stretching (IR active) \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
symmetrical stretching (IR active) & symmetrical stretching (not IR active) \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
symmetrical bending (IR active) & symmetrical bending (IR active) \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{When a molecule is not IR active, it is because there is no change in net molecular dipole.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Aerosols}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Definition: tiny particles in the air that can be produced when we burn different types of fossil fuels.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Can also be called an {\bf{atmospheric particulate}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{In the 80s and 90s the word aerosol was used by the media to refer to the spray cans that released CFCs.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Most aerosols cool down the Earth. We need them in low levels, just like greenhouse gases.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Common aerosols include: organic carbon (warming), pure sulfates and nitrates (cooling), and soot (cooling).} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Soot holds onto radiation energy and does not reflect it back, so cooling the global temperatures.  In addition, it acts as a shade to UV light entering the atmosphere, cooling the surface.} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Carbon Capture}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Carbon capture involves capturing CO2 at its source (factories, etc.) and transporting it to a suitable location where it is stored underground.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{This prevents it from entering the atmosphere.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{This mimics how nature has stored oil, gas, and CO2 for millions of years.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The 2018 Paris Agreement}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The goal was to achieve 0 net carbon pollution by the end of the century.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{In order to do this, we must limit the human practices that create greenhouse gas emissions.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{We can reverse the effect of those practices by reducing the amount of carbon in the atmosphere.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bonded Pair Shapes}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\# of Bonded Pairs: & Shape Name: & \seqsplit{Angle(s)(in} degrees): & Example: \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
2 & Linear & 180 & Carbon Dioxide \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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3 & Trigonal Planar & 120 & Boron \seqsplit{Trifluoride} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
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4 & \seqsplit{Tetrahedral} & 109.5 & Methane \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
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5 & Trigonal \seqsplit{Bipyramidal} & 120, 90, 180 & Phosphorus \seqsplit{Pentachloride} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 5
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6 & \seqsplit{Octahedral} & 90, 120 & Sulphur \seqsplit{Hexafluoride} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{4}{x{5.377cm}}{These bonded pairs only happen with non-metals forming covalent bonds. \newline If there are lone pairs, they can cause a molecule to become {\bf{bent}}.  This means that the bond angle becomes reduced by 2.5 degrees. \newline Polar molecules have lone pairs.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}----}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Best Way to Measure Climate Change}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The temperature of the oceans. \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
WHY? \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
They are less erratic than air temperatures and thus more reliable.  It also takes longer for ocean temperature to change than air temperature. \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
FINDINGS \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
- warming water expands, causing sea levels to rise \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
- resulting in more powerful storms and greater downpours, therefore stronger flooding \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
- causing a reduction in sea life, a loss of coral reef, and a displacement of people% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Rise in Sea Levels}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Warmer water expands, causing a rise in the sea levels.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{This results in more powerful storms and greater downpours.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Destruction of Coral Reefs}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Increasing carbon dioxide in oceans causes carbonic acid to form.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{This increases the acidity of the oceans.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Resulting in the destruction of coral reefs.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Which in turn displaces large amounts of marine life.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{UV Radiation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{UV light is a wave that forms part of the electromagnetic spectrum.  It has a higher frequency and shorter wavelength than visible light.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{SPF: Sun Protection Factor} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{It is measured in how long the sun's radiation would take to redden your skin compared to without sunscreen} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Common ingredients in sunscreen include titanium dioxide and zinc oxide.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
UVA \{\{ac\}\} \{\{br\}\} \{\{bb\}\} & UVB \{\{ac\}\} \{\{bb\}\} \{\{bl\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
longer wavelength & shorter wavelength \{\{bl\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
ages the skin & burns the skin \{\{bl\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
exposure causes genetic damage to the cells on the innermost part of the top layer of skin & penetrates and damages the outermost layer of your skin \{\{bl\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 5)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
can penetrate glass & cannot penetrate glass \{\{bl\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{UN 2018 Warnings}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Without urgent action, global temperatures will rise above 3 degrees celcius by the end of the century} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{This will cause entire cities to be swallowed by the ocean and plants and animals will face extinction due to extreme droughts} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Increasing Greenhouse Gases \& Their Effect}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{In recent years there has been an increase in the amount of greenhouse gases due to human activity such as {\bf{burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and modern farming practices}}.  The increase in greenhouse gases absorbs more of the outgoing long wave radiation, which {\bf{slows the release of energy into space}} even more than normal.  This increased amount of energy in the atmosphere results in {\bf{an increase in Earth's temperature}}.% Row Count 9 (+ 9)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Why do we Need Greenhouse Gases?}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{In short, {\bf{to maintain Earth's temperature}}.  The Earth's temperature remains reasonably constant because greenhouse gases will absorb some of the long wave radiation (IR radiation) which slows the process of the energy being released into space.% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Is it a Greenhouse Gas?}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere can absorb infrared radiation.  {\emph{A greenhouse gas must have a polar bond, but doesn't necessarily have to be a polar molecule.}}  In order to have a polar bond, there must be a difference in the {\bf{electronegativity}} values between the atoms in the bond. \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 6)
{\bf{What is electronegativity?}} \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
- A measure of the tendancy of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
- The Pauling scale is commonly used \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
- e.g. F=4.0, which is the highest electronegativity value% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{What is Climate Change?}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The term climate change is used to describe a long-term change in global temperatures and weather patterns.  It describes the effects of global warming that have occurred as a result of human activity following the industrial revolution.% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.18988 cm} x{2.78712 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Alcohol Family (CnH2n+1OH)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Methanol & CH3OH \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Ethanol & CH3Ch2OH \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Propan-1-ol & CH3CH2CH2OH \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Butan-1-ol & CH3CH2Ch2CH2OH \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Butan-2-ol & CH3CH2CHOHCH3 \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.18988 cm} x{2.78712 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Alkane Family (CnH2n+2)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Methane & CH4 (g) \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Ethane & C2H6 (g) \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Propane & C3H8 (g) \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Butane & C4H10 (g) \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Pentane & C5H15 (g) \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Hectane} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Heptane} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Octane} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Nonane} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Decane} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{IPCC Findings}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The nternational Panel on Climate Change, a UN body of climate scientists found that atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration had risen by 40\% since the industrial revolution, resulting in Earth's 1 degree celcius temperature increase.% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Effects of Increasing CO2 in Oceans}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Carbonic acid (H2CO3(aq)) forms in the seawater resulting in an increase in acidity of the oceans.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Calcium carbonate + carbonic acid -\textgreater{} calcium hydrogen carbonate + carbon dioxide + water} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{CaCO3 (s) + H2CO3 (aq) -\textgreater{} CaHCO3 (s) + CO2 (g) + H20 (l)} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Effects of Increasing Carbon Dioxide Levels in Water}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-rising ocean temperatures} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-makes it hard for shellfish to build the shells they need for protection} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-algae bloom, causing {\emph{eutrophication}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-fish lose their sense of smell and are unable to detect predators} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Eutrophication}} - excessive nutrients in a body of water; causes excessive plant growth and death of animal life due to lack of oxygen}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{What Makes a Greenhouse Gas Effective?}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Concentrations in the atmosphere (AKA Abundance) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- Ability to absorb infrared radiation \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
These two factors make a greenhouse gas contribute to global warming.  However, a gas does not have to have high amounts of both factors to make a large impact.  For example, Carbon Dioxide has a very high abundance in the atmosphere, but a low IR absorption ability, and it is still one of of the highest contributors to global warming.% Row Count 10 (+ 7)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.04057 cm} x{2.93643 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Weather vs. Climate}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\{\{ac\}\} Weather \{\{bb\}\} \{\{br\}\} & \{\{ac\}\} Climate \{\{bb\}\} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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occur locally \{\{br\}\} & regionally or globally \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
short periods of time \{\{br\}\} & over seasons, years, or decades \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
rain, snow, etc.\{\{br\}\} & average of temperature, humidity, and rainfall patters \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{How Do CO2 Emissions Change the Global Climate?}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{CO2 emissions may cause the Earth's atmosphere to trap more heat.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The CO2 molecules absorb long-wave radiation.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Bonds will vibrate by bending to stretching.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Change in dipole and change in angle.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Transmission of long-wave radiation occurs into the atmosphere.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Thus raising the global temperatures.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{this is the exact structure that my teacher wants, and may not work for everyone}}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Naturally Maintaining Earth's Temperature}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The mean average of temperature of the Earth's temperature is regulated by a {\bf{steady state equilibrium}} whihc exists between the energy reaching the Earth from the Sun and the energy being transmitted by the Earth back into space.  The incoming radiation is {\bf{shortwave ultraviolet and visible radiation.}} Some is reflected back into space and some is absorbed by the atmosphere before it reaches the surface. \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 9)
The energy released back from the Earth's surface is {\bf{infrared radiation}} which is longer in wavelength than UV or visible light.  However, this means not all the radiation escapes and hence the Earth's temperature is warm enough to sustain life.% Row Count 14 (+ 5)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}