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\author{SH (Sana\_H)}
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  /Title (basic-research-methods.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (SH (Sana\_H))
  /Subject (Basic Research Methods Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Basic Research Methods Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{SH (Sana\_H)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/164538/cs/34475/}}}
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  \vspace{-2pt}SH (Sana\_H) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/sana-h} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 9th January, 2023.\\
   Updated 9th January, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Experimental Psychology}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{the branch of psychology concerned with the scientific investigation of basic psychological processes such as learning, memory, and cognition in humans and animals. \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
- in a controlled setting in order to predict, explain, or influence behavior or other psychological phenomena \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
- aims at establishing quantified relationships and explanatory theory through the analysis of responses under various controlled conditions% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{scientific Research}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{-a systematic and objectiveattempt to provide answers to certain questions or problems , develop and discover an organised body ofstudy.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{a systematic method consisting of enunciating the problem, formulating a hypothesis, collecting facts or data, analysing the facts and reaching certain conclusions either in solution form of generalisation for some theoretical information.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Research Process}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{define R problem\textgreater{}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{interpretation of data \textgreater{}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{17.67cm}{x{5.7358 cm} x{5.5671 cm} x{5.5671 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{3}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of Research}}  \tn
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{\bf{Descriptive}} - survey and fact finding \seqsplit{enquiries.Describe} the current state of affairs. ex Ex-post facto R & {\bf{Analytical}}-analysis of already available information to make critical evaluation & {\bf{Action or Applied}} - aim is finding a solution for a problem at hand \tn 
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{\bf{fundamental}} - concerned with \seqsplit{generalisations} and formulation of a theory. & {\bf{Quantitative}} - measurement of quantity or amount & {\bf{Qualitative}} - aim is to discover underlying motives of human behavior. \tn 
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{\bf{Conceptual}} - related to some abstract idea or theory. used to develop new theories or reinterpret existing ones. & {\bf{Empirical}} - relies on observation or experience alone. Data-based research. Alia experimental R. & {\bf{Other}} - one time OR \seqsplit{longitudinal;} field setting OR laboratory R ; Exploratory R; Historical R. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hypothesis}}  \tn
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Hypothesis - a testable proposition; a tentative solution formed on a problem. & Types:\{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Null Hypothesis (Ho)}} - indicating no relationship or no-effect or negationbetween variables. \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Alternate Hypothesis (Ha/ H1)}} or working hypothesis - indicating some relationship between variables. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sources of ROL}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{journals, books, review articles, abstract, internet, dissertations, professors, newspapers, etc.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{Population}} - population or universe being considered or of interest} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{{\bf{sample}} - subset of population, used as representative of population.} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sampling Error}}  \tn
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the difference between parameter (measure from populationand statistic(measure from sample) & Based on A)Variability in the population \& B)Size of sample \tn 
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 & Higher the SE, poorer the statistical inference. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Research Design}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{conceptual structure within which a R is conducted, in Underbuilt for collection, measurement and analysis of data; a framework for R plan of action} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{17.67cm}}{Types of R Designs} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Variables}}  \tn
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Attributes of objects, events, things, being, etc that can be measured. There are controlled, manipulated or observed by the experimenter. & IV-manipulated,measured and selected by experimental for purpose of observing changes in DV. \tn 
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{\bf{ Directive \& Non-directive hypothesis}} & DV -experimenter makes prediction about this variable \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Measurement Scales}}  \tn
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Nominal scale - use of numbers to name objects. \{\{nl\}\} Ordinal scale - rank order of objects & Interval scale - includes charac of nominal \& ordinal scales , numerical equals distance on a scale indicating equal distances in properties of objects measured.\{\{nl\}\} Ratio scale -includes properties of all other scales \& an absolute zero point. \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Interval scale is most commonly used in psychology}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{17.67cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Data Collection sources}}  \tn
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Primary Data -observation method, interview method, Questionnaires, surveys & secondary Data -Case Study, Government Records, Newspapers, Journals, Articles, Archives, Internet , Databases \tn 
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