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\author{Soul (sakiSoul)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (aqa-alevel-chemistry.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Soul (sakiSoul))
  /Subject (aqa alevel chemistry Cheat Sheet)
}

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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
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    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{aqa alevel chemistry Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Soul (sakiSoul)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/177677/cs/37080/}}}
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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Soul (sakiSoul) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/sakisoul} \\
  \end{tabulary}
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\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 3rd March, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
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\begin{document}
\raggedright
\raggedcolumns

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% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{3.1 Physical Chemistry}}}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{includes: \newline 	- atomic structure \newline 	- amount of substance \newline 	- structure and bonding \newline 	- energetics \newline 	- kinetics \newline 	- equilibria \newline 	- redox \newline 	{\emph{(the following are A2 only)}} \newline 	- thermodynamics \newline 	- rate equations \newline 	- Kp \newline 	- electrode potentials \newline 	- acids and bases}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{5.52 cm} x{2.48 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.1.1 Atomic Structure}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Section: & Completed? \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
fundamental particles & yes \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
mass number, isotopes & no \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
electron configuration & yes \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.6 cm} x{4.4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fundamental Particles}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
plum pudding model & a sphere of positive charge with balls of negative charge embedded within: essentially looks like a plum pudding \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
electron shell model & small, dense positive charged nucleus with protons and neutrons; electrons orbit in shells \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Rutherford's gold foil experiment & (Geiger-Marsdon experiment) \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & shot alpha particles through thin gold foil \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & - vast majority pass through \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & - few deflected by large angles \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & - \textasciitilde{}1/10000 deflected back to side it came from \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Rutherford's conclusions} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & - nucleus is small, positive, dense, massive (heavy) \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & - most of the atom is empty space \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
relative mass & proton/neutron = 1; electron = 1/1840 \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.6 cm} x{4.4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fundamental Particles (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
relative charge & proton = +1; neutron = 0; electron = -1 \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.76 cm} x{4.24 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Electron Configuration (1.1)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
four atomic orbitals & s, p, d, f \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & s orbitals are spherical \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & p orbitals are dumbell shaped \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & (go practice some of \{\{link="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t\&source=web\&rct=j\&url=https://www.lcps.org/cms/lib4/VA01000195/Centricity/Domain/12702/ELECTRON\%2520CONFIG\%2520WS.pdf\&ved=2ahUKEwizi86mqMD9AhWEYsAKHUtoDP8QFnoECEYQAQ\&usg=AOvVaw0uqHE0bws8EK9\_ZLKBMRYj"\}\}these questions\{\{/link\}\} on paper) \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 15)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
spin & electrons in same orbital have opposite spin \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
first ionisation energy & {\emph{energy required to remove 1mol of electrons from 1mol of gaseous atoms}} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & always refer to "1 mole" \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.76 cm} x{4.24 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Electron Configuration (1.1) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & lower ionisation energy = easier to form ion \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
general equation (ionisation energy) & X₍₉₎ -{}-\textgreater{} X\textasciicircum{}+\textasciicircum{}₍₉₎ + e¯ \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & state symbols are important!! \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{factors affecting ionisation energy:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\textgreater{} nuclear charge & more protons = more positively charged = stronger e¯ attraction = higher ionisation energy \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
\textgreater{} distance from nucleus & e¯ closer to nucleus = stronger attraction = higher ionisation energy \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\textgreater{} shielding & higher num orbitals between nucleus and outer e¯ = weaker attraction = lower ionisation energy \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 5)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{trends in ionisation energy}}} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
down a group: & decreases \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \textgreater{} each element down a group has an extra e¯ shell \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & - extra inner shells shield outer e¯ from attraction to nucleus \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.76 cm} x{4.24 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Electron Configuration (1.1) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & - extra shells also mean outer e¯ are further from nucleus \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
across a period & generally increases \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \textgreater{} proton num increasing \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
 & - which means there's a stronger nuclear attraction \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & \textgreater{} little extra shielding or nuclear distance \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
 & - as all elements across period have same number of shells \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
(across a period cont) & focusing on period three elements \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{white}
dip between group 2 and 3 & ie between Mg and Al \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Mg is 1s$^{\textrm{2}}$ 2s$^{\textrm{2}}$ 2p$^{\textrm{6}}$ 3s$^{\textrm{2}}$ \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Al is 1s$^{\textrm{2}}$ 2s$^{\textrm{2}}$ 2p$^{\textrm{6}}$ 3s$^{\textrm{2}}$ 3p$^{\textrm{1}}$ \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Al outer e¯ is in 3p orbital \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{white}
 & - 3p has a slightly higher energy level so is slightly further from nucleus \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 4)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & - shielded by 3s orbital \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.76 cm} x{4.24 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Electron Configuration (1.1) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & so ionisation energy drops slightly \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{white}
 & provides evidence for electron subshell theory \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
dip between group 5 and 6 & ie P and S \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{white}
 & P is 1s$^{\textrm{2}}$ 2s$^{\textrm{2}}$ 2p$^{\textrm{6}}$ 3s$^{\textrm{2}}$ 3p$^{\textrm{3}}$ \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & S is 1s$^{\textrm{2}}$ 2s$^{\textrm{2}}$ 2p$^{\textrm{6}}$ 3s$^{\textrm{2}}$ 3p$^{\textrm{4}}$ \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{white}
 & e¯ from S is being removed from orbital with two e¯ \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & repulsion between e¯ in same orbital means e¯ are easier to remove \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{white}
 & (P has single occupied orbital so no added repulsion) \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{p{0.8 cm} p{0.8 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{equations and associated calculations}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.4 cm} x{5.6 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mass num, Isotopes (1.1)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
mass num (A) = & num protons + num neutrons \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
atomic num (Z) = & num protons \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
isotope & atom with same number of protons but a different number of neutrons \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{mass spectrometry}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{stage 1: ionisation} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & the sample can be ionised by either {\emph{electrospray}} or {\emph{electron impact}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\emph{electrospray}} & Sample (X) is dissolved in violent solvent; injected through a hypodermic needle to produce a fine mist; tip of needle is attached to positive terminal of high voltage power supply; ionised by gaining a proton; solvent evaporates; XH+ ions attracted to negative plate - accelerated \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 11)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\emph{electron impact}} & sample (X) is vaporised; high energy electron fired from electron gun - knocks off one outer shell electron from each particle; 1+ ions attracted to negative plate - accelerated \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.4 cm} x{5.6 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mass num, Isotopes (1.1) (cont)}}  \tn
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{stage 2: acceleration} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & positive ions accelerated using electric field so all ions have the same kinetic energy (Ek) \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Ek = $\frac{1}{2}$mv\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{} (Ek = $\frac{1}{2}$ * mass * velocity\textasciicircum{}2\textasciicircum{}) \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & lighter ion = higher velocity \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{stage 3: flight tube (drift region)} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 & lighter ions move faster than heavier ones (Ek is the same) \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & lighter ions reach the detector first \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
 & s = vt (distance = velocity * time) \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{stage 4: detection} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
 & positive ion hits negatively charged plate \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & ion gains an electron \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{why use mass spec?} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.96 cm} x{5.04 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{moles, Avagadro const}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Avogadro constant & number of particles in a mole \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.4 cm} x{5.6 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{empirical and molecular formula}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
empirical formula & simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
molecular formula & actual number of atoms of each element in a compound \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{6.32 cm} x{1.68 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.1.2 Amount of Substance}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Section: & \seqsplit{Completed}? \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Mr, Ar & yes \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
moles, Avogadro const & no \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
ideal gas equation & no \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
empirical and molecular formula & no \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
equations and associated calculations & no \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.28 cm} x{4.72 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ar, Mr (1.2)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
relative atomic mass (Ar) & mean mass of an atom of an element divided by $^{\textrm{1}}$⁄₁₂ mean mass of atom of C\textasciicircum{}12\textasciicircum{} isotope \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
relative molecular mass (Mr) & mean mass of molecule of a compound divided by $^{\textrm{1}}$⁄₁₂ of mean mass of an atom of C\textasciicircum{}12\textasciicircum{} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & known as relative formula mass for ionic compounds \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4.24 cm} x{3.76 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ideal gas equation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
equation: & pV = nRT \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{6 cm} x{2 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{3.1.3 bonding}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Section: & \seqsplit{Completed?} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
ionic & no \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
covalent, dative covalent & no \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
metallic & no \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
physical properties & no \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
shapes of molecules and ions & no \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
bond polarity & no \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
forces between molecules (imf) & no \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}