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% Document Info
\author{Sahasra M}
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  /Title (genetics-chapter-11-bio-cheat-sheet.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Sahasra M)
  /Subject (Genetics Chapter 11 BIO Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Genetics Chapter 11 BIO Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Sahasra M} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/181013/cs/38838/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Sahasra M \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/sahasra-m} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 21st May, 2023.\\
   Updated 21st May, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Gregor Mendel's Peas}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- gregor mendel (austrian monk) \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- fertilization: process where male and female reproductive cells join \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
- self pollination: sperm cells in one flower fertilize egg cells in same flower \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
- true breeding: if self-pollinate -\textgreater{} produce identical offspring \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
- mendel wanted to cross pollinate% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genes \& Dominance}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- trait: specific chracteristic \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- original (parental), first generation (F1), second generation (F2) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
- hybrids: offspring of crosses \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
- genes: chemical factors that determine traits \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
- alleles: different forms of genes \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
- principle of dom: some alleles are dom \& some are recessive% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Segregation}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- recessive alleles seemed to disappear in F1 and reapear in F2 \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- this happened b/c of segregation (separation of alleles) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
- alleles segreate during the formation of gametes (sex cells) \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
- two gametes; each gamete carries a single copy of each gene% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genetics \& Probability}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- principles of probability can be used to predict the outcomes of genetic crosses% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Punnet Squares}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- homozygous (TT); heterozygous (Tt) \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- phenotype: physical characteristics; genotype: genetic makeup% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Probability \& Segregation}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- mendel's model: 3/4 (dominant), 1/4 (recessive)% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Independent Assortment}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- mendel performed the two-factor cross \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- independent assortment: alleles for one trait segregated independently from the alleles for another trait  \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 3)
- principle of ind assortment: genes for different traits can segregate independently during formation of gametes% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Beyond Dominant \& Recessive Alleles}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- some alleles are neither dominant bi recessive \& many traits r controlled by multiple alleles or multiple genes \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
- incomplete dominance: cross btwn red flower \& white fl = pink fl \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
- codominance: chicken feathers r black \& white  \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
- multiple alleles: many genes have multiple alleles (rabbit coat, blood type) \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
- polygenic traits: traits controlled by two or more genes (skin, eye colors)% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chromosome Number}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- homologous: a pair of chromosoes (one inherited from mother \& one from father) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Phases of Meiosis}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- meiosis is a process of reduction division where the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
- meiosis 1: \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
inter 1 \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
pro 1 (crossing over) \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
meta 1 \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
ana 1 \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
telo 1 \& cytokinesis \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
- meiosis 2:  \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
pro 2 \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
meta 2 \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
ana 2 \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
two 2 \& cytokinesis% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Meiosis \& Mitosis}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- mitosis -\textgreater{} produces two genetically identical diploid cells \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- meiosis -\textgreater{} four genetically different haploid cells% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

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