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% Document Info
\author{Sahasra M}
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  /Title (evolution-bio-chapter-16-cheat-sheet.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Sahasra M)
  /Subject (Evolution BIO Chapter 16 Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Evolution BIO Chapter 16 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Sahasra M} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/181013/cs/38924/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Sahasra M \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/sahasra-m} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 27th May, 2023.\\
   Updated 25th May, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genetic Variation}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- two main sources of genetic variation: mutations \& gene shuffling that results from sexual reproduction \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
- in population -\textgreater{} individuals interbreed -\textgreater{} common group of genes (gene pool) \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
- gene pool: all different genes \& alleles in a population \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
- relative frequency: number of times the allele occurs in a gene pool compared to number of times other alleles for the same gene occur \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 3)
- evolution is any change in the relative freequency of a population% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sources of Genetic}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- sexual reproduction does not hcange relative frequency% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Single-Gene \& Polygenic Traits}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- numbe of phenotypes produced for a trait depends on how many genes control the trait \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- single gene trait: trait conrolled by single gene with two alleles (widow's peak) -\textgreater{} bar graph \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
- polygenic trait: many traits controlled by two or more genes (height) -\textgreater{} bell-shaped curve% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Natural Selection on Single-Gene Traits}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- natural selection on single-gene traits -\textgreater{} changes in allele frequencies -\textgreater{} evolution% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Natural Selection on Polygenic Traits}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- natural selection can affect the distribution of phenotypes in three ways: directional selection, stabilizing selection, or disruptive selection \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
- directional selection: individuals at one end of curve have a higher fitness than middle or other end \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3)
- stabalizing selection: individuals near center of curve have higher fitness than eithe sides of curve \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 3)
- disruptive selection: individuals at upper \& lower ends of curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genetic Drift}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- genetic drift: random change in allele frequency \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- genetic drift can occur when a small group of a population colonizes a new habitat \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
- founder effect: allele frequencies change as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hardy-Weinberg \& Genetic Equillibrium}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Hardy-Weinberg Principle: allele frequencies in a population will remain constant unless one or more factors cause those freqeuncies to change \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
- genetic equilibrium: frequencies remain constant  \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
- five conditions to manatin genetic eq. -\textgreater{} random mating, large pop, no movement in/our of pop, no mutations, no natural selection% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

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