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% Document Info
\author{Sahasra M}
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  /Title (ecology-chapter-17-1-17-4-bio.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Sahasra M)
  /Subject (Ecology Chapter 17-1\& 17-4 BIO Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Ecology Chapter 17-1\& 17-4 BIO Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Sahasra M} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/181013/cs/37641/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Sahasra M \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/sahasra-m} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 12th March, 2023.\\
   Updated 12th March, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fossils and Ancient Life}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- paleontologists are scientists who study fossils \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- they collect information about fossils and put it into a fossil record -\textgreater{} shows how species lived and have changes over time \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
- 99\% species on earth are extinct% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{How Fossils Form}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1) water carries small rock particles to lakes and seas \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
2) as layers of sediments build up over time, dead organisms sink to the bottom and become buried \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
3) the layers of sediment compress and turn into rock -\textgreater{} fossils \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
4) the fossils are later discovered and studied% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Interpreting Fossil Evidence}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{paleontologists determine a fossil's age using two techniques: relative and radioactive dating% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Radioactive \& Relative Dating}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- in relative dating, the age of one fossil is determined by comparing its placement with other fossils in other layers of rock \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
- scientists use index fossils to compare the relative ages of fossils \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
- index fossils are species that are easily recognized and have existed for a short period of time but have had a wide range of geographic range% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- in radioactive dating, half-lives are used to determine the age of a fossil \newline - a half-life is the radioactive atoms in a fossil to decay \newline - age is calculated based on amount of remaining radioactive isotopes contained}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Geologic Time Scale}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- geologic time scale is divided into eras and periods \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- eras are Cenozoic, Mesozoic, Paleozoic, and Precambrian Time \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
- periods range from tens of milions of years to less than two million years% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Macroevolution}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- macroevolution are large scale evolutionary pattens and processes that occur over large periods of time \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
- this includes: \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
1) extinction \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
2) adaptive radiation \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
3) convergent evolution \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
4) coevolution \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
5) puncuated equilibrium \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
6) changes in developmental genes% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Extinction}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- extinction happen b/c of competition for resources \& environmental changes \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- some species extinctions are caused by natural selection \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
- mass extenctions have wiped out ecosystems b/c environment was collapsing \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
- mass extinctions are caused by volcano eruptions, shifting continents, and sea level changes \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
- mass extinctions provide opportunities for new species and surviving species% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Adaptive Radiation}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{-periods of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill different niches in their environment \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
- diversity of life fueled by adaptive radiation \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
- large scale changes; ex: dinosaurs -\textgreater{} reptiles today% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Convergent Evolution}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- when adaptive radiation occurs -\textgreater{} natural selection molds different body structures \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- the process where unrelated organisms come to resemble one another is convergent evolution \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
- ex: dolphin and sharks body structure; penguin and dolphin nose and mouth% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Coevolution}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- the process where two species evolve in response to changes in each other over time is called coevolution \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
- ex: snakes and rats; snakes evolve -\textgreater{} more poison, rats evolve -\textgreater{} more resistance% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Punctuated Equilibrium}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- punctuated equilibrium is the pattern of long, stable periods interupted by brief periods of rapid change% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Developmental Genes and Body Plans}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- changes in the expression of developmental genes can explain differences in evolution \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- one type hox genes provide positional information in an animal embryo \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
-small changes in regulatory sequences of particular genes can lead to major changes in body form% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

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