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% Document Info
\author{Sahasra M}
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  /Title (dna-and-rna-chapter-12-bio-cheat-sheet.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Sahasra M)
  /Subject (DNA and RNA Chapter 12 BIO Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{DNA and RNA Chapter 12 BIO Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Sahasra M} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/181013/cs/38841/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Sahasra M \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/sahasra-m} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 23rd May, 2023.\\
   Updated 23rd May, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Griffith and Transformation}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Fredrick Griffith (British scientist) \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- wanted to learn how bacteria makes you sick \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
- isolated two different strains (types) pnumenia \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
- disease-causing strain -\textgreater{} smoothing colonies on culture plates -\textgreater{} mice got pneumonia -\textgreater{} dies \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
- harmless strain -\textgreater{} colonies with rough edges -\textgreater{} lived \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
- but smooth + rough = pnumonia \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
- transformation: one strain of bacteria changed permanently to another% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Avery \& DNA}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Oswald Avery (canadian biologist) \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- avery \& other scientists discovered that nucleic acid DNA stores \& transmits the gentic nfo from one generation to the next% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hershey-Chase Experiment}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- Alfred Hershey \& Martha Chase (American scientists) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- bacteriophage: one kind of virus that infects bacteria  \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
- concluded that the genetic material of the bacteriophage was DNA not protein% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Components \& Structure of DNA}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- DNA is a lomg molecule made up of units called nucleotides \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- nucleotides: 5-carbon sugar called deoxyribose, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
- 4 nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
- Watson \& Crick's model of DNA was a double helix where two strands were wound around each other \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
- base pairing: for every adenine in a double stranded DNA molecule, there had to be one thymine molecule \& for every cytosine molecule, there had to be one guanine molecule \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 4)
- base pairing explained why Chargaff's rules (\% of G and C was equal \& A and T were equal)% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA and Chromosomes}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- prokaryotic cells lack nuclei \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- eukaryotic DNA is located in the cell nucleus in the form of a number of chromosomes \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
- humans have 46 chromosomes \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
- eukaryotic chromosomes carry DNA \& protein in chromatin \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
- chromatin has DNA that is coiled around proteins called histones \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
- nucleosomes: fold DNA into tiny space of cell nucleus% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA Replication}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- strands of base pairing are complementary  \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
-before a cell divides, it duplicates its DNA in a copying process called replication \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
- replication -\textgreater{} DNA molecules separate into 2 strands -\textgreater{} produce 2 new complementary strands thru base pairing -\textgreater{} each strand of double helix is a model for new strand \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 4)
- DNA polymerase is a key enzyme in replication: joins individual nucleotides to produce DNA molecule% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
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DNA: & RNA: \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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nucleotides & nucleotides \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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rdeoxyribose & ribose \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
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double stranded & single stranded \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
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thymine & uracil \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of RNA}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- RNA molecules -\textgreater{} protein synthesis (assembly of amino acids) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
- mRNA: carry copies of instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
- rRNA: where proteins are assembled \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
- tRNA: transfers amino acid to ribosome by its coded messages% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Transcription}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- transcription: process where RNA molecules are produced by copying part of the nucleotide sequence of dNA into complementary sequence in RNA \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
- transcription requires RNA polymerase (enzyme) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
- transcription -\textgreater{} RNA polymerase binds to DNA and separated DNA strands -\textgreater{} RNA polymerase uses one strand of DNA to assemble strand of RNA \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
- RNA polymerase only binds into regions of DNA called promoters (indicate where to bind)% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{RNA Editing}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- DNA of eukaryotic genes contains introns (sequences of nucleotides) and exons (sequences that code for proteins)% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Genetic Code}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- proteins made by joining polypetides (amino acide chains) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- codon: has three consecutive nucleotides that specify a single amino acid that will be added to the polypeptide \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
- AUG + start codon \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
- three stop codons% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Translation}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- translation: decoding of mRNA message into a polypeptide chain \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- translation -\textgreater{} cell uses info from mRNA -\textgreater{} produce proteins \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
- anticodon bases are complementary to codons \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
- RNA release into cytoplasm -\textgreater{} mRNA ttatches to cytoplasm -\textgreater{} tRNA brings amino acid into ribosome -\textgreater{} translation begins -\textgreater{} codon breaks -\textgreater{} replaced by anticodon -\textgreater{} polypeptide chain grows -\textgreater{} newly formed polypeptide molecule is released -\textgreater{} translation is over% Row Count 11 (+ 6)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Kinds of Mutations}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- mutations are changes in genetic material \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- point mutations: changes in one or few nucleotides at a single point in DNA sequence \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
- frameshift mutations: changes that shift the "reading frame of the genetic message" \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
- frameshift mutations can change a protein so much that it cannot perform its functions% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Significance of Mutations}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- mutatios are source of genetic variability in a species \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- polyploidy: condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

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