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\author{Sahasra M}
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  /Title (anatomy-chapter-37-bio-cheat-sheet.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Sahasra M)
  /Subject (Anatomy Chapter 37 BIO Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Anatomy Chapter 37 BIO Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Sahasra M} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/181013/cs/38446/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Sahasra M \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/sahasra-m} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 1st May, 2023.\\
   Updated 1st May, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Functions of the Circulatory System}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- small organisms rely on diffusion to transport oxygen, nutrients, and waste products \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- large organisms can't do this \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
- the transportation system of a living organism is the circulatory system \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
- humans and other vertebrates ahve closed circulatory systems: blood is contained within a system of vessels  \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3)
- human circulatory system: heart, blood vessels, and blood% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Heart}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- hollow organ, size of clenched fist \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- composed almost entirely of muscle \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
- enclosed in a protective sac  of tissue called the pericardium \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
- two thin layers of connective and epithelial tissue that form around a thick layer of muscle called the myocardium \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
- contractions of myocardium pump blood through circulatory system \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
- heart contracts 72 times on average, pumping 70 mm of blood w/ each contraction \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
- the septum divides the heart and prevents the mixing of oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
- upper chamber is atrium: recives blood \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
- lower chamber is ventricle: pumps blood out \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
- heart: 4 chambers, 2 atria \& 2 ventricles \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
- right side of heart pumps blood from heart to lungs thru a proccess called pulmonary circulation, where oxygen is absorbed \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 3)
- oxygen-rich blood then flows to left side and pumped thru rest of body thru process called systemic circulation \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 3)
- blood that resturns to right side is oxygen-poor \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 2)
- blood enters heart thru atrias \newline % Row Count 25 (+ 1)
- heart contracts -\textgreater{} blood flows in and out of ventricles -\textgreater{} body or lungs \newline % Row Count 27 (+ 2)
- valves: connective tissue btwn atria and ventricles \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 2)
- valaves prevent blood flow back to atrias \newline % Row Count 30 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Heart (cont)}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- valaves keep lood dlow one way -\textgreater{} increase pumping efficiency of heart \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- each contraction begins in sinoatrial node (in right atrium) \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
- these cells are called pacemaker b/c they set the pace for heart as a whole \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
- atria contracts -\textgreater{} blood flos into ventricles \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
- ventricles contract -\textgreater{} blood flows out \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
- nuerotransmitters increase (sympathetic) /decrease (parasympathetic) heart rate% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Blood Vessels}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- blood flows thru  heart → arteries → capillaries → veins → heart \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- walls of these vessles contain smooth muscle, connectivue tissue, \& endothelium \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
- oxygen-rich blood flows to aorta (large blood vessel) \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
- arteries carry blood away from heart \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
- arteries have a thick, elastic layer to allow stretching and absorb under pressure \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
- capillaries are smallest blood vessels \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
- they are typically less than 1mm long, diameter is so small that red blood cells travel single file \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 3)
- brings nutrients \& oxygen to tissues \& absorbs CO2 \& waste products \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
- veins resturn blood to heart  \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
- large veins have valves \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
- veins foud near skeletal muscles \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
- blood flow thru veins happens b/c of gravity \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
weak veins -. weak valves -\textgreater{} varicose veins% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Blood Pressure}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- heart contracts -\textgreater{} produces a wave of fluid pressure in arteries (blood pressure) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- blood pressure decreases as heart relaxes but is still in the system \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
- this allows blood to flow thru body \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
- sphygmomanometer: used to measure bp \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
- sesnory receptors detect level of bp \& send messages to medulla oblongata in brain stem \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
- bp too high -\textgreater{} nuerotransmitters cause smooth muscles in blood vesseld to relax  \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
- bp too low -\textgreater{} neurotransmitters cause blood vessels to contract \& elavate bp \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
- kidneys also regulate bp by removing water from blood% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Diseases of Circulatory System}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- cardiovascular diseases: heart diseas \& stroke \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- atherosclerosis: a condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 3)
- hypertension: froces heart to work harder \& increases risk of heart attack \& stroke \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
- atherosclerosis creates blood clots which leads to stroke/heart attack \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
- excersise, no smoking, reduced stress, and controled diet helps reduce these diseases% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Blood Plasma}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- plasma: white colored fluid in blood \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- plasma is made up of 90\% water and 10\% dissolved gases, salts, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, waste products, and plasma proteins \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 3)
- plasma proteis are divided into: albumins, globulins, and fibrinogens \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
- albumins regulate osmotic pressure \& blood volume \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
- globulins fight viral \& bacterial infections \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
- albumins \& globulins transport fatty acids, hormones, \& vitamins \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
- fibrogen is protein respinsible for ability of blood to clot% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Blood Cells}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- blood consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- RBCs transport oxygen \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
- they get their color from hemoglobin: iron-containing protein \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
- they are produced from cells in bone marrow \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
- RBCs do not have nuclei \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
- old RBCs are destroyed in liver and spleen \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
- WBCs or leukocytes don't have hemoglobin \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
- produced with RBCs in bone marrow \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
- WBCs contain nuclei \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
- WBCs guard against infection, fight parasites, \& attack bacteria (army) \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
- hemophilia: genetic disorder that results from a defective protein in the clotting protein \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
- some act as phagocytes (eating cells) \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 1)
- some produce histamites for allergies \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
- some are lymphocytes that produce antibodies \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
- blood clotting is made possible by plasma proteins and cell fragments called platelets \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 2)
- platelet: fragmnets of cytoplasm \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
- blood vessels injured -\textgreater{} clumping of platelets -\textgreater{} clot forms -\textgreater{} loss of blood stops% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Lymphatic System}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- a network of vessels, nodes, \& organs called the lymphatic system collects the fluid that is lost by the blood and returns it back to the circulatory system  \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 4)
- the fluid is called lymph \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
- lymph nodes are along lymph vessels \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
- lymph nodes trap bacteria and other microorganisms that cause disease \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
- lymoh nodes also absorb nutrients \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
- lymphoctyes called T cells (recognizes invaders) mature in the thymus before they can function in the immune system  \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 3)
- the spleen destroys damaged RBCs and platelets \& harbors phagocytes% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{What is Respiration?}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- cellular respiration is the release of energy from the breakdown of food molecules in the presence of oxygen \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
- respiration is the process of gas exchange: the relsease of CO2 and the uptake of oxygen between the lungs and the environment% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Human Respiratory System}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood, air, and tissues \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- air goes from: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
- pharynx: a passageway for air \& food \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
- epiglottis: a flap of tissue that covers the trachea entance when u swallow \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
- mucus: moistens the air and traps inhaled particles of dust \& smoke \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
- cilia: sweep trapped particles and mucus towards the pharynx \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 2)
- mucus and dust particles are swallowed or spit out to keep lungs clean \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
- at the top of trachea is the larynx \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
- larynx: contains two highly elastic folds of tissue known as vocal cords \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
- bronchi: 2 large passageways in the chest cavity \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 2)
- each bronchus leads to a lung \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
- in each lung, bronchus divides into bronchioles \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 1)
- bronchioles subdivide until they reach millions of tiny air sacs called alveloi% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Gas Exchange}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- gas echange is the disffusion of oxygen \& CO2 in your lungs \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- hemoglobin makes the process more efficient% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Breathing}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- movement of air into and out of lungs \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- diaphragm: large, flat muscle at bootomof chest cavity \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
- breath in: diaphragm contracts and rib cage rises, atmoshepheric pressure fills lungs with air \& vice versa% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{How Breathing Is Controlled}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- medulla obloganta controlls breathing \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- cells monitory your CO2 to tell medulla obloganta to breathe% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Tobacco and the Respiratory System}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- 3 most danegrous substances: nicotine, carbon monoxide, and tar \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- nicotine: a stimulant drug that increases heart rate and bp \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
- carbon monoxide: a poisonous gas that blocks transport of oxygen by heoglobin in the blood \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
- tar causes cancer \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
- tobacco paralyzes cilia \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
- smoking can cause chronic bronchitis (bronchi swollen and clogged with mucus), emphysema (loss of elasticityin tissues of lungs), and lung cancer \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 3)
- smoking can develop heart disease and/or asthama% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

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