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% Document Info
\author{Sahasra M}
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  /Title (anatomy-chapter-36-bio-cheat-sheet.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Sahasra M)
  /Subject (Anatomy Chapter 36 BIO Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Anatomy Chapter 36 BIO Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Sahasra M} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/181013/cs/38344/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Sahasra M \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/sahasra-m} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 23rd April, 2023.\\
   Updated 23rd April, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Skeleton}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- supports the body, protects internal organs, provides for movement, stores mineral reserves, and provides a site for blood cell formation \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
- bones protect organs; ex: skull protects brain \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
- bones provide a system of levers (rigid rods) on which muscles act to produce movement \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
- bones contain reserves of minerals, calcium salts \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
- blood cells are produced in marrow tissue \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
- 206 bones \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
- bones divided into:  \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
    1. axial skeleton: supports central axis of body (skull, vertebral collumn, rib cage) \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
    2. appendicular skeleton: (arms, legs, pelvis, shoulder)% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Structure of Bones}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- bones are a solid network on living cells and protein fibers that are surrounded by deposits of calcium salts \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
- periosteum: a tough layer of connective tissue that surrounds the bone (blood vesses that pass thru carry oxygen \& nutrients to bone) \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3)
- beneath periosteum is a thick layer of compact bone \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
Haversian canals: a network of tubes running thru the compact bone that contains blood vessels \& nerves \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 3)
- spongy bone: a large dense tissue found inside the outer layer of the compact bone (adds strength w/o mass) \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 3)
- bone cells: \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
    1. osteocytes: mature bone cells (in bone matrix) \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
    2. osteoclasts: break down bone (in Haversial canals) \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 2)
    3. osteblasts: produce bone (in Haversial canals) \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 2)
- bone marrow: soft tissue within bone cavities \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
  1. yellow marow: fat cells \newline % Row Count 23 (+ 1)
   2. red marrow: red blood cells, some white blood cells, \& platelets% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Development of Bones}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- cartilage: connective tissue that a skeleton of a ne mbryo is almost entirely composed of \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- made up of tough collagen \& flexible elastin \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
- relies on the diffusion of nutrients from surrounding tiny blood vessels b/c does not contain blood vessels \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3)
- dense, fiborous, supports weight, flexible \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
- ossification: when cartilage is replaced by bone \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
- happens several months before birth \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
- long bones have bone plates wehre growth of cartilage causes bones to lengthen \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
- ones bones r completely ossified you stop growing \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
- cartilage found in ears, tip of nose, ribs% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of Joints}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- joint: place where one bone attatches to another \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- depending on its type of movement, a joint is classified as immovable, slightly movable, or freely movable \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 3)
- immovable: fixed joints, interloched; ex: bones in skull \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
- slightly movable: restricted movement, joints seperated; ex: joints btwn lower leg \& vertabrae \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
- freely: movement in one or more directions: \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
    1. hinge joints: back \& forth \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
    2. pivot: rote around \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
    3. saddle: slide in 2 directions% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Structure of Joints}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- cartilage covers bones where they move against each other -\textgreater{} prevents damage \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- ligaments: strip of connective tissue that holds bones together  \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
- synovial fluid: enables the surfaces of the joint to slide over each other smoothly \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
- small sacs of synovial fluid called bursa form \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
they reduce friction btwn bones% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Skeletal System Disorders}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- excessive strain -\textgreater{} inflammation \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- arthritis (inflammation of joint) \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
- osteporosis% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of Muscle Tissue}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- there are three different types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, \& cardiac \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- skeletal: ussually attatched to bones \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
- voluntary movements \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
- have altrenating light \& dark bands called striations \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
- consciously controlled by the nervous system \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
- large, have many nuclei, \& 1-30 cm \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
- have muscle fibers, tissues, blood vessels, \& nerves \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
- smooth: hollow structures, blood vessels, intestines; ex: stomach \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
- no voluntary control \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
- moe food, blood circulation, \& decrease size of pupils in light \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
- smooth muscle cells r connected by gap junctions that allow direct electric impulses \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
- cordiac: heart \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
- straited, 1 or 2 nucleus \newline % Row Count 19 (+ 1)
- connected by jap junctions% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Muscle Contraction}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- muscle fibers are composed of myofibrils \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- each myofibril is made up of 7 filaments \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
- thick filaments contain protein called myosin \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
- thin filaments contain protein called actin \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
- filaments are arranged in sacromeres, which are spereted by Z lines \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
- a muscle contracts when the thin filamnets in the muscle fiber slide over the thick filaments \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
- when muscle resting -\textgreater{} no filaments in sacromere \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
- cross bridge must form for msucle to contract  \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
- energy for muscle contraction is supplied by ATP% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Control of Muscle Contraction}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- motor nuerons control contraction of skeletal muscles \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- nueromuscular junction: point of contact btwn motor nueron \& skeletal muscle cell \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
- vesicles or pockets in axon terminals of motor nuerons release a nuerotransmitter called acetylcholine \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
-  acetylcholine molecules diffue across synapse -\textgreater{} produce an impulse -\textgreater{} produce calcium -\textgreater{} muscle contracts% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{How Muscles \& Bones Interact}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- muscles are joined by tough connective tissue called tendons \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- tendons pull on bones like levers \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
- joints are the fixed point around which the lever moves like fructions \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
- the muscle provides the force to move lever \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
- skeletal muscles work in opposing pairs \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
- muscle contracts -\textgreater{} joint relaxes% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Exercise \& Health}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- regular exercise is important in maintaining muscular strength and flexibility \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- excersise -\textgreater{} more actin \& myosin filaments -\textgreater{} strong muscles \& bones \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
- no exercise -\textgreater{} small muscles, weak bones% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Skin}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- integumentary system serves as a barier against infection \& injury, regulates body temp, removes waste products, \& protects against uv \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
- skin is made of: epidermin \& dermis \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
- epidermis: outer layer of the skin \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
    1. outer layer: dead cells \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
    2. inner layer: make keratin \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
- epidermis contains melanocytes; diff amounts of melanocytes \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
- dermis: inner layer of skin \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
- mantains homeostasis by regulating body temp \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 1)
- blood vessels narrow or widen \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 1)
- uv -\textgreater{} skin cancer \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
- dermis contains: sweat glands \& sebaceous (oil glands)% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hair \& Nails}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- hair prevents dirt from getting in \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- hair protects scalp against uv \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
- hair follicles: tubelike pockets of epidermal cells that extend and grow into the dermis \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
- hair follicles r in contact with sebaceous glands, which help mantain condition of individual hair \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 3)
- nails grow from area of rapidly dividing cells called nail root \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
- nails grow 3 mm/month% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
} \tn 
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

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