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\author{Sahasra M}
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  /Title (anatomy-chapter-35-bio-cheat-sheet.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Sahasra M)
  /Subject (Anatomy Chapter 35 BIO Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Anatomy Chapter 35 BIO Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Sahasra M} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/181013/cs/38060/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Sahasra M \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/sahasra-m} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 2nd April, 2023.\\
   Updated 3rd April, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Human Organ Systems}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- nervous system: recognizes and coordinates the body's response to changes in its internal and external environments \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
- integumentary system: serves as a barrier against infection and injury; helps to regulate body temperature; provides protection against UV from the sun \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 4)
- respiratory system: provides oxygen needed for cellular respiration and removes excess carbon dioxide from the body \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 3)
- digestive system: converts foods into simpler molecules that can be used by the cells of the body; absorbs food; eliminates wastes \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 3)
- excertory system: eliminates waste products from the body in ways that mantain homeostasis \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 2)
- skeletal system: supports the body; protects internal organs; allows movement; stores mineral reserves; provides a site for blood cell formation \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 3)
- muscular system: works with skeletal system to produce voluntary movement; helps to circulate blood and move food through the digestive system \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 3)
- circulatory system: brings oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells; fights infection; removes cell wastes; helps to regulate body temperature \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 3)
- endocrine system: controls growth, development, and metabolism; mantains homeostasis \newline % Row Count 26 (+ 2)
- reproductive system: produces reproductive cells; in females, nurtures and protects developing embryo \newline % Row Count 29 (+ 3)
- lymphatic/immune systems: helps protect the body from disease; collects fuid lost from blood vessels and returns the fluid to the circulatory system% Row Count 32 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Organization of the Body}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- levels of organization in a multicellular organism: cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- cells: basic unit of function in living things \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
- specalized cells: uniquely suited to perform a specific function \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
- tissues: group of cells that perform a single function; ex: connecting a muscle to a bone \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
- four types of tissue: \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
1) epithelial tissue: glands and tissues that cover interior and exterior body surfaces \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
2) connective tissue: provides support for the body and connects its parts \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
3) nervous tissue: transmits nerve impulses throughout body \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
4) muscle tissue: enables body to move \newline % Row Count 15 (+ 1)
- organs: group of different types of tissues that perform a complex function; ex: sight \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 2)
- organ systems: group of organs that perform closely related functions% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Maintaining Homeostasis}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- homeostasis: organisms keep internal conditions relatively constant despite changes in external environments \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
- maintained by feedback loops \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
- heating system controlled y feedback inhibition \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
- feedback inhibition: negative feedback; stimulus produces a response that opposes the original stimulus \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 3)
- mantaining of homeostasis -\textgreater{} integration of all organ systems \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
- ex: body temp. (below 37°C -\textgreater{} hypothalmus speeds up activities, abole 37°C -\textgreater{} hypothalmus slows down activities)% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nuerons}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- nervous system: controls and coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to internal and external stimuli \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
Neurons – cells that transmit impulses – bundles of neurons \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
make up nerves \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 1)
1. sensory – from environment to brain \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 1)
2. motor – from brain to muscles \& glands \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
3. interneurons – connect sensory \& motor \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
 Parts of a Neuron \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
1. Cell Body – nucleus here; most metabolic activity \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
2. Dendrites – small "branches" (carries impulses toward cell body) \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 2)
3. Axon – a long fiber "tail" (carries impulses away from cell body) \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
4. Myelin sheath – insulating membrane; creates gaps called nodes% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nerve Impulse}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- resting nueron: negative charge inside, positive charge outside (sodium ions out; potassium ions in) \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
- resting potential: electrical charge throughout cell membrane of a nueron in its resting state \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
- moving nerve impulse: begins when a neuron is stimulated by another neuron or by its environment \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
- action potential: positive inside, negative outside \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 2)
- threshold: all or nothing; minimum level of stimulus needed to produce an impulse% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Central Nervous System}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- central nervous system: relays messages, processes information, and analyzes information \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- meninges: three layers of connective tissue that the brain and spinal cord are wrapped in \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
- cerebrospinal fluid: space btwn meninges and central nervous system that acts as as a shock absorber -\textgreater{} protects central nervous system; allows for exchange of nutrients and waste products btwn blood \& tissue% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Synapse}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- synapse: location where nueron cantransfer impulse to another cell \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- ex: moton nuerons pass impulse -\textgreater{} muscle cells \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
- synaptic cleft: seperates axon terminal fom dendrites \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
- use neurotransmitters to send impulse% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Brain}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- brain: place where impulses originate and flow \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- approx 100 billion nuerons \& is about 1.4 kilograms \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 2)
1. The Cerebrum – voluntary activities of the brain \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 2)
- right and eft hems. connected by corpus callousm \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
- hems deal with opposite sides of body \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
- outer layer (cerebral cortex) -\textgreater{} grey matter - desnly packed nerve cell bodies \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
- inner layer -\textgreater{} white matter - bundles of axons \& myelin sheaths \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
2. The Cerebellum – coordinates muscles \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 1)
- located at back of skull \newline % Row Count 14 (+ 1)
3. The Brain Stem – controls unconscious activity \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 2)
- connects brain and spinal cord \newline % Row Count 17 (+ 1)
a. Pons – upper part – sensory control \newline % Row Count 18 (+ 1)
b. Medulla Oblongata – lower part – unconscious \newline % Row Count 20 (+ 2)
control \newline % Row Count 21 (+ 1)
4. The Thalamus and Hypothalamus \newline % Row Count 22 (+ 1)
a. thalmus: recieves messages from sensory recpts. \& relays to cerebelum \newline % Row Count 24 (+ 2)
b. hypothalmus: control center for recog. \& analysis for hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, body temp.% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Spinal Cord}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- reflex: quick, automatic response to a stimulus% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Peripheral Nervous System}}  \tn
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somatic nervous system: & autonomic nervous system: \tn 
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% Row 1
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- regulates activities under conscious control & - controls functions not in concious control \tn 
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% Row 2
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- reflex arc & - sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{- transmits impulses from sense organs to central nervous system}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Senses}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- sensory recepts: millions of nuerons that react directly to stimuli fro environment \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- five categories: pain receptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Vision}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- pupil: small opening in middle of iris \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- lens: behind iris \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
- retina: lens focuses light on retina \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
- two types of photoreceptors: \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
a. rods - sensitive to light; do not distinguish colors \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
b. cones - less sensitive to light; color vision% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hearing}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- vibrations of oval window create pressure waves in cochlea \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- semicircular canals mantain equilibrium% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Smell \& Taste}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- taste buds: sense organs that detect taste% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Touch}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- skin contains sensory receptors \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
- greatest density of touch: fingers, toes, and face% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Drugs That Affect the Synapse}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- stimulants increase heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate; increase the release of neurotransmitters at some synapses in the brain \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 3)
- depressants slow down heart rate and breathing rate, lower blood pressure, relax muscles, and relieve tension \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 3)
- cocaine causes the sudden release of a neurotransmitter in the brain called dopamine \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
- opiates mimic natural chemicals in the brain known as endorphins, which normally help to overcome sensations of pain \newline % Row Count 11 (+ 3)
- marijuana comes from THC and is bad for lungs \& memory loss \newline % Row Count 13 (+ 2)
- alcohol is a depressant, and even small amounts of alcohol slow down the rate at which the nervous system functions -\textgreater{} FAS, liver failure, death \newline % Row Count 16 (+ 3)
- FAS -\textgreater{} heart defects, malformed faces, delayed growth% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Drug Abuse}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- drug abuse: intentional misuse of any drug for nonmedical purposes \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- addiction: uncontrollable dependence on a drug% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{- drug abuse: intentional misuse of any drug for nonmedical purposes \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 2)
- addiction: uncontrollable dependence on a drug% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

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