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% Most of the following are not required for the majority
% of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support.
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% Document Info
\author{s1717}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (biology-12.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (s1717)
  /Subject (Biology 12 Cheat Sheet)
}

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\noindent
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Biology 12 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{s1717} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/34741/cs/10902/}}}
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\noindent
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}s1717 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/s1717} \\
  \end{tabulary}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 19th February, 2017.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} x{4.4793 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Chapter 1 KeyTerms}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Polymers} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids(fats), nuclear acid(DNA/RNA), \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Is a chain of many monomers linked together. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Mono = one \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Di = two \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Monomers} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, nucleatoids \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Made:(Dehydration synthesis) or broken down(Hydrolysis) over in living cells \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{MacroMolecules} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Large Polymers called macromolecules \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Formed by monomers joining, through loss of water called peltydatiation synthesis \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Dehydration Synthesis (DS)} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Monomers are joined in dehydration synthesis \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Chains of monomers are Polymers \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Enzymes that speed up DS, are called dehydrogenases \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Hydrolysis} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Polymer breaking into units is hydrolysis \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Enzymes that speed it up are called hydrolases \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} x{4.4793 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Lipids}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Lipids} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Made up of C,H,O \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Large molecules that are insoluble in water \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Neutral Fats} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Triglycerides}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Made up of 3 fatty acids bonded to one glycerol \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Fatty acids contain a long chain of 16-18 carbons with an acid on the end \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Glycerol is small 3 carbon chain with 3 alcohol (OH) groups \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Butter, animal fats molecules bind together through dehydration synthesis \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Types of Triglycerides} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Saturated Fats}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & No double bonds in the carbon fatty acid chains \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Filled with hydrogens \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Unhealthy \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Mostly come from animals \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Become solid at room temperature \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Examples:Lard, butter, animal fats \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Unsaturated Fats}} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & There is one monounsaturated or more double bonds oolyunsaturated \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Mostly come from plants \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Liquid at room temperature \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 1)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} x{4.4793 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Lipids (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 21
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 & Healthy \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Example:Olive oil, Corn oil, Palm oil \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Phospholipids} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Used to make up two layered cell membraines in cells \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The third fatty acid group of a triglyceride is replaced by an inorganic phosphate group \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \textasciicircum{} This creates a polar end \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Polar End}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Phosphate end is water soluble:HydroPhilic \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Fatty Acids is not water soluble:Hydrophobic \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Steroids} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Very different structure from lipids but are also water isoluble \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Made up of 4 carbon ring molecules fused together \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Example:Testosterone, estrogen, cholesterol, and vitamin D \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Used as sex hormones \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Uses of Lipids} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Long term storage for energy \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Better energy storage than glycogen or starch \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Insulation and protection in animals \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 1)
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Making hormones(Steroids) \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Structure of cell membranes. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 1)
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\vfill
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} x{4.4793 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Lipids (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 41
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Without lipids we would have no cells \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.54287 cm} x{3.43413 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{DNA RNA difference}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
DNA & RNA \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Nitrogen base:ATGC & Nitrogen Base:AUGC \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Sugar:deoxyribose} & Sugar:ribos \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Double stranded & Single stranded \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
1 type & 2 types:mRNA - Messanger rRNA - Ribosomal rRNA - Transfer \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Forms double helix & No helix \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
DNA makes DNA & DNA makes RNA \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Very bid molecule & Much smaller molecule \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} x{4.4793 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Adenosine Triphosphate}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{ATP} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & ATP also has nuclear acid has same structure as nucleotide \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Only three phosphate groups instead of one \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Energy source for the body \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Adenosine Triphosphate} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Cellular Respiration}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Mitochandria turn energy of glucose into ATP \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & It takes a lot of energy  to put two phosphate molecules together \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & When you break the bond a lot of energy is released \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{**C6H12O6 + 6O2 -{}-\textgreater{} 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (Heat and ATP)} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.38896 cm} x{2.58804 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Monomer Polymer Building Blocks}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Monomers (Sub units) & Polymers \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Sugars & Polysaccharides \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Fatty Acids & \seqsplit{Eats/Lipids/Membranes} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Amino Acids & Protiens \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Nucleotides & Nuclear acids \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Cycle} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Polymers} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Carbohydrates \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Protiens \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Lipids(Fat) \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & DNA/RNA(Nuclear acids) \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Go through H20 Energy (Hydrolysis)} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Monomers} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Simple Sugar \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Amino Acids \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Fatty Acids @ Glycerol \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Nucleotides \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Go through H20 Energy Dehydration Synthesis} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Reactions require} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
 & ATP energy \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Water \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Enzymes \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Cycle Continues} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.04057 cm} x{2.93643 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Proteins}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Proteins} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Made up of C,H,O and N \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & No set ratio \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Made up of chains of Amino acids (Usually 75 or more) \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Amino acid chains formed through dehydration synthesis \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 40\% of the human body is made of protein \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Building blocks of Proteins are Amino acids \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Amino group (NH2 or NH3) acts as a base (Accepts H+) \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Carboxyl group (COOH or COO-) acts as an acid (Donates H+) \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & R Group:There are 20 different possibilities \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Amino acids bond through dehydreation synthesis \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The amino acids bind together with a peptide bond \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Peptide bond is formed between C and N no water is lost (Dehydration Synthesis) \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 4)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.04057 cm} x{2.93643 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Proteins (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & When original two amino acids form beginning of the chain with one peptide bond is called a Dipeptide \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
 & It can grow and become a Tripeptide \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & End state is Polypeptide (30 and 30,000 amino acids) \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Another name fro polypeptide is Protein \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Every protein is different because the order of amino acids is different \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Or order of different R groups and how they bond \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & They also function differently \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Levels of Protein Structure} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Primary Structure}} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
 & First level of how proteins are formed \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Order of amino acids joined together with peptide bonds \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 3)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Amino acids sequence tgat determine the nature and chem of protein \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.04057 cm} x{2.93643 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Proteins (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Secondary Structure}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Second step in forming protein \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & When peptide bond is formed, a double bonded oxygen is left over. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Attracted to positive NH3 amino group from other amino acids in the chain \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & This attraction forms a hydrogen bond \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{white}
 & This causes the chian to twist called alpha helix or a beta pleated sheet \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Tertiary Structure}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The next interaction take place between R groups \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Some R groups are reactive and will interact with other reactive R groups in the chain. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{white}
 & These amino acids that are either charged or that have a sulphure atom \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 4)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The interactions (tand attractions and S-S bridges) will fold the molecule over into a highly specific 3 dimensional shape \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.04057 cm} x{2.93643 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Proteins (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & It is 3-D shape that will determine the proteins job or role in the body \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Quaternary Structure}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & This last level in protein formation is not seen in all proteins \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Proteins can actually be 2 or more molecules joined to form a functional protein \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & These are held by ionic bond \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 41
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Two Examples \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 42
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Insulin has 2 subunits \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 43
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Hemoglobin has 4 subunits \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 44
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 0)
% Row 45
\SetRowColor{white}
The whole process & Bonds \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 46
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Primary protein structure & Peptide Bonds \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 47
\SetRowColor{white}
Secondary protein structure & Hydrogen Bonds \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 48
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Tertiary protein structure & Interactions between R groups \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 49
\SetRowColor{white}
Quaternary protein structure & Ionic Bonds \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 50
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 0)
% Row 51
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Denaturation} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 1)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.04057 cm} x{2.93643 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Proteins (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 52
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Final shape of protein is very specific and enables it to do its job/function \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 53
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Any change in a proteins shape will affect its function \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 54
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Denaturation is when a protein tertiary structure is lost \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 55
\SetRowColor{white}
 & This happens when R group bonds are broken \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 56
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & When a denaturation the protein cannot do its joband becomes useless \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 57
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{How does this happen?} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 58
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Temperature}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 59
\SetRowColor{white}
 & High temperature affects the weak hydrogen bonds and can distort or break them \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
% Row 60
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & A slight increase in temp can cause reversible change (Fever) \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
% Row 61
\SetRowColor{white}
 & A high increase will cause irreversible change (Cooking an egg) \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 62
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Chemicals}} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 1)
% Row 63
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Heavy metals like lead and mercury are large atoms that are attracted the R groups of amino acids \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.04057 cm} x{2.93643 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Proteins (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 64
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & They bond to the R group and distort proteins shape \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 65
\SetRowColor{white}
 & This is usually irreversible \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 66
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{PH}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 67
\SetRowColor{white}
 & As some of the R groups are acids and some are bases, every protein (enzyme) has a preferred PH \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 68
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Any change in PH causes a change in the acid base R group interactions and this will change the shape of the protein \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 6)
% Row 69
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Functions of Proteins} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 70
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Structural}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 71
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Proteins help make up all structurers in living things \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
% Row 72
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Actin \& Myosin: Muscle Proteins \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 73
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Keratin: Nails, Hair, Horns, Feathers \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 74
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Collagen:Bones, teeth, cartilage, tendon, ligament, blood vessels, skin matrix \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 4)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.04057 cm} x{2.93643 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Proteins (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 75
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Functional}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 76
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Other proteins help us to keep our bodies functioning properly and to digest our food \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 77
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Enzymes:Are proteins that are catalysts which speed up reactions and control all cell activities \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 78
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Food Source:Once we have used up all of our carbohydrates and fats, proteins will be a use of energy \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 5)
% Row 79
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Proteins are worth the least amount of energy per gram \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} x{4.4793 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{CarboHydrates}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Hydrated Carbons} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & (CH20)n \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Ratio of Carbons, Hydrogens and Oxygens are 1:2:1 \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & (CH20)3 = C3H6O3 \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & (CH2O)6 = C6H12O6 \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Sugars} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Known also as Succandes \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Carbohydrates end in 'ose' \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Carbohydrates} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Riohasocharides}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Basic sugar molecule Glucose \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Glucose:C6H12O6 \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Glucose has ring Structure \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Glucose:6 sided \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Fructose:5 sided \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
 & 6 sides:Hexose \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 5 sides:Pentos \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Carbohydrates} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{dissaccharides}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
 & If two sugar are formed through dehydration synthesis a disaccharide is formed \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Glucose combination} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Glucose + Glucose = Maltose \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Glucose + Fructose = Sacrose \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Galactose + Glucose = Lactose \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Carbohydrates} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 1)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Polysaccharides}} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{When many sugars bind through dehydration synthesis four polysaccharides can form} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} x{4.4793 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{CarboHydrates (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Starch \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Glycogen \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Cellulose \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Chitin \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Carbohydrate Polysaccharides} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Cellulose}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Plant Cell walls made of cellulose \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Are long chains of glucose molecules with side chains \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & No mammal can break the bond \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Linkage between carbon atoms of the sugars is different than starch and glycogen \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & We can't digest cellulose(Fibre) \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Carbohydrate Polysaccharides} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Starch}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Plants store energy as starch \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 41
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Starch made up of glucose molecules linked together (Many) \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 42
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Few side chains \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 43
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Carbohydrate Polysaccharides} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 44
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Glycogen}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 45
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Animals store energy as glycogen (Extra glucose) \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 46
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Glycogen made up of glucose molecules linked together \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 2)
% Row 47
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Glycogen has many side chains \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
% Row 48
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Carbohydrate Polysaccharides} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 1)
% Row 49
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Chitin}} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
% Row 50
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Made by animals and fungi \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 1)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} x{4.4793 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{CarboHydrates (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 51
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Long glucose chains linked by covalent bonds \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 52
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Very strong \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 53
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Make structures like exo-skeletons, fingernails, claws, and beaks \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 54
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Main function of carbs} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 55
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Energy:When bonds between carbon atoms are broken, energy released can be used by cells \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 56
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Carbohydrates are primary energy molecules for all life \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 57
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Structural:Cellulose major structural compound in plants (Cell wall) \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} x{4.4793 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nuclear Acids}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Nuclear Acids} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Are acidic molecules are found in nucleus \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Two types VERY large \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & DNA:Deoxyribonueleic acid \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & RNA:Ribonucleic Acid \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & All acids are composed of units called Nucleotides \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Nucleotides composed of three sub molecules} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Pentese sugar (Ribose or deoxyribose) \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Phosphate \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Nitrogen Base (Purine of Pyrimidine) \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Nitrogen base} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & {\bf{Purines}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Adenine and Guanine \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Have two rings \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Found in DNA and RNA \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Nitrogen base} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & {\bf{Pyrimidines}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Cytosine, thymine and Uracil \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Have one ring \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Cytosine is in both DNA and RNA \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Thymine is DNA only \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Uracil is RNA only \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Deoxyribonucleic Acid} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Structure of DNA:Composed of two complimentary nucleotides \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Two strands joined by hydrogen bonds which between complimentary nitrogen bases:} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} x{4.4793 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nuclear Acids (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Adenine with Thyanine (A-T or T-A) \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Cytosine with Guanine (C-G or G-C) \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & When DNA is first formed its just two linear strands of nucleotides joined together \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Dure to internal bonding the DNA molecule then forms into a double helix \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Functions of DNA} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Directs and controlls all cell activity \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Does this by making all proteins and enzymes \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Contains all genetic information necessary to make one complete organism of very exact specifications \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Bonucleic Acid} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{white}
 & RNA is made by DNA \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Not confined to the nucleus it moves out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm of the cell \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{white}
 & It has ribose sugar instead of Deoxyribose \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & No thymines uses uracils instead \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 38
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Single stranded no helix \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 39
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & 8 types of RNA \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 40
\SetRowColor{white}
 & RNA function is assist DNA in making proteins \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}