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  /Author (s1717)
  /Subject (Biology 12 Enzymes Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Biology 12 Enzymes Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{s1717} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/34741/cs/11146/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}s1717 \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 12th March, 2017.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.4931 cm} x{3.4839 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Enzymes Beginning}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Enzyme}} & {\bf{This is basic definitions for enzyme}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Is a catalyst basically substance that speeds up a reaction without being consumed \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Are proteins are reusable \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Work in low concentrations \tn 
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% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Speed up reaction rate \tn 
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% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Allow reactions to proceed at lower temperatures than they would normally occur \tn 
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% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Reactants that enzymes act upon is known as substrates \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
 & Enzyme work by forming very temporary complex with substrate \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & This is called enzyme substrate complex \tn 
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% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Are large globular proteins \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Very specific 3d shapes tertiary structure \tn 
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% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & They have groves or pockets which contain chemically functional groups \tn 
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% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & (Relating to above definition) These are called active sites, this is where substrate attaches \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 4)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{What goes into what}}} \tn 
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% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
If amylase added & Starch -{}-{}-\textgreater{} Glucose \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
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\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Enzymes Beginning (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 15
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If lipase added & Lipids -{}-{}-\textgreater{} Fatty acids and glycerol \tn 
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% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
If protease added & Proteins -{}-{}-\textgreater{} Amino Acids \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} x{4.4793 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Feedback Inhibition \& control of metabolic rate}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Feedback inhibition}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & When concentration of final product gets low again there will be less inhibition on the enzymes and the metabolic pathway is reactivated \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Thyroxin the hormone that controls the metabolic rate of all of the cells in your body, is producde by the hyroid gland in the neck \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Thyroid gland is stimulated to release thyroxine by a hormone produced in the pituitary gland called TSA (thyroid stimulating hormone) \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Enzymes in cell of the pituitary that make TSH are inhibited by thyroxin \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Therefore if thyroxin levels are high the pituitary stops producing THS and if thyroxin levels are low the pituitary makes the TSH \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Thus metabolic rate of cells in your body are maintained by the feedback inhibition of an enzyme \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Metabolism and ATP}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Metabolism and ATP}}} \tn 
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% Row 1
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 & Most cell reactions (Metabolism) require energy to occur.The energy 'currency' of cells is a molecule called ATP \tn 
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 & ATP has 3 phosphates the last two of which are held together by a high energy bond \tn 
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 & It takes a lot of energy to make this phosphate bond and energy is released when bond breaks \tn 
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% Row 0
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{\bf{Lock and Key Model}} & {\bf{This model is now incorrect}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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 & Enzymes have goove shapes and chemical groups \tn 
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 & Groove shapes and chemical groups are in active site \tn 
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 & Therfore enzymes can only bond with one specific substrate or reactive \tn 
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 & When substrate and enzyme join together the shape of the enzyme changes which makes it more reactive \tn 
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 & This is called induced fit not one to one \tn 
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 & {\bf{Why Wrong}} \tn 
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% Row 7
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 & Because there can be more than one substrate \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} x{4.4793 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Anabolism \& Catabolism Metabolism}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Anabolism \& Catabolism}}} \tn 
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% Row 1
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 & The active site of an enzyme is not an exact perfect fit to substrate \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & When substrate attaches to enzyme this causes stress in the substrate which causes \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
 & Catabolism:Is when substrate to break apart in a hydrolysis reaction molecules into smaller ones \tn 
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 & Anabolism:When two substrates to form a bond in a synthesis reaction putting small molecules together to make bigger ones \tn 
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 & Anabolism + Catabolism = Metabolism \tn 
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% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Metabolism}}} \tn 
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% Row 7
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 & Metabolism is the constantly occurring chemical reaction that take place in a cell \tn 
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% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & These chemical reactions occur in organized sequences from reactants to end products with help of enzymes \tn 
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% Row 9
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 & This organized sequence of reactions is known as a metabolic pathway \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} x{4.4793 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Coenzymes}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Coenzymes}}} \tn 
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 & {\bf{Made up of two pieces}} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Apoenzyme - Protein portion (Inactive) \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
 & Co-enzyme - a non-protein porton \tn 
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 & When these two pieces join enzyme becomes active \tn 
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% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Then substrate will now 'fit' into active site \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Coenzymes usually fit into the allosteric site \tn 
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% Row 7
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 & allosteric site changes the shape of the active site so substrate 'fit' \tn 
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% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & co-enzymes are often large molecules \tn 
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% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & co-enzymes usually are things the body can't make on its own \tn 
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% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & most co-enzymes come from vitamens, which we get from food or supplements \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} x{4.4793 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Enzyme Action}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Enzyme action}}} \tn 
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% Row 1
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 & Usally heat can be used to speed up chemical reactions \tn 
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% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Heat increases the number of collisions that occur between reactants \tn 
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% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Excessive heat, however, destroys the tertiary structure of protein denatures it \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & So heat cannot be used to speed up reactions within living organisms \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
 & Enzymes operate by lowering energy of activation needed for reaction to occur \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Enzymes act as catalyst and are not consumed in a reaction \tn 
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% Row 7
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 & This means they can be used over and over again \tn 
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% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Factors affecting reaction rates}}} \tn 
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% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Concentration:The amount of enzyme or substrate available to react can affect enzyme activity \tn 
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% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & The reactions speeds up as substrate increases \tn 
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% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & It levels out when the enzymes working at the speed (substrate) \tn 
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% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & So to increase reactions rates add enzymes \tn 
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% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Reaction speeds up as you increase substrate the enzyme slows down as the enzymes are working at the maximum speed (Saturation) \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 4)
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\vfill
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} x{4.4793 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Enzyme Action (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Temperature:As temp rises reaction rate will increase cuz enzymes and substrates bump into each other more often (kinetic molecular theory) \tn 
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% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The rate of these collisions will be at the fastest rate this is optimum temperature \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & If you get above the optimum temperature the enzyme becomes denatured (Changes shape) no longer functions properly \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
 & Most enzymes have an optimal temperature of 37C (Body temperature) \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & PH:3D shape of an enzyme can be affected by PH. \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
 & All enzymes have an optimal pG to work at depending on where they are in the body \tn 
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 & Saliva pH 7 \tn 
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 & Stomach pH 2.5 \tn 
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 & Intestines pH 8.5 \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
 & Vagina pH 3.8-4.0 \tn 
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\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & When pH is too low the positive hydrogen ion with negative r group in protein and tear them away \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 3)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{white}
 & The denatures the enzyme by changing its shape \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & When pH is too high the negative hydroxide interact with the positive r groups in protein and tear them away \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Enzyme Action (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 27
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 & This denatures the enzyme by changing its shape \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Inhibitors:Chemicals that interfere with the enzyme action \tn 
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 & Two types of Inhibitors \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Competitive inhibitors}}} \tn 
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 & Are chemicals that so closely resemble an enzymes normal substrate that it can attach to the enzymes active site. \tn 
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 & The substrate and inhibitor compete \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & If the inhibitor occupies the active site of enzyme substrate will not be able to join and no product will from that enzyme \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 4)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{white}
 & If inhibitor is removed the enzyme will become active again \tn 
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% Row 35
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Non-Competitive inhibitors}}} \tn 
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% Row 36
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Atoms or molecules that attach to an enzyme at an allosteric site this denatures the enzyme \tn 
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% Row 37
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Will sometimes destroy an enzyme by permanently binding to the allosteric site \tn 
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% Row 38
\SetRowColor{white}
 & examples are:heavy metals, lead in nervous system \tn 
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% Row 39
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Other type of Non-Competitive inhibitor}}} \tn 
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% Row 40
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 & Inhibition is when a metabolic product can feedback on a metabolic pathway to control how much product is made \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 4)
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{p{0.4977 cm} x{4.4793 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Enzyme Action (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 41
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 & Final product can temporarily attach to the allosteric site on the first enzyme \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 42
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Enzyme will be denatureated and the reaction will stop \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}