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% Document Info
\author{Ru4052}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (vets2011-cardiovascular-system.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Ru4052)
  /Subject (VETS2011 - Cardiovascular system Cheat Sheet)
}

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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{VETS2011 - Cardiovascular system Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Ru4052} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/187552/cs/39136/}}}
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\noindent
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Ru4052 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/ru4052} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 11th June, 2023.\\
   Updated 11th June, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{FUNCTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{a transport system}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- O2 and CO2 between lungs and tissues} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- metabolites from Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) → store in tissues} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- hormones and intracellular messengers between organs and between cells in a tissue} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- waste products from tissue to sites of metabolism and excretion} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 5
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- components of immune system → protect from disease} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Components of cardiovascular system}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{heart} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{arteries} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{capillaries} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{venules and veins} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Heart}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{a {\bf{muscular pump}} forcing blood through blood vessels by its rhythmic contractions} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{4 chambers: right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{atrium and ventricle on the {\bf{same side communicate}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{right and left sides are completely separated by the {\bf{atrial and ventricular septae}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Arteries}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{convey blood to tissues, classified as:} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- conducting arteries} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- distributing arteries} \tn 
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% Row 3
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- arterioles} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Capillaries}}  \tn
% Row 0
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exchange between artery and vein & place for exchanging O2 and CO2 \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Venules and veins}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{convey blood from tissues back to heart} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Surface anatomy of the heart}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{lungs → left atrium}} (oxygenated blood) → {\bf{left ventricle}} → {\bf{tissues}} (via the systemic arterial system) → {\bf{right atrium}} (deoxygenated venous blood) → {\bf{right ventricle}} → {\bf{lungs}} (via the pulmonary trunk)}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Surface anatomy of the heart}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ru4052_1686133040_2.png}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{pulmonary: 3-4 \newline aortic: 4-5 \newline left AV valve: 5-6 \newline \{\{nl\}\} \newline {\bf{base}} \newline - formed by atria \newline - lies at the junction of dorsal and middle third of the thorax \newline - cranial and caudal vena cava and pulmonary veins enter the atria at the base \newline \{\{nl\}\} \newline {\bf{apex}} \newline - lies close to the sternum at about the level of the 6th costal cartilage}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{1. left ventricle \newline 2. paraconal interventricular groove \newline 3. right ventricle \newline 4. coronary groove (fat fill) \newline 5. pulmonary trunk  \newline 6. ligamentum arteriosum \newline 7. aorta \newline 8. brachiocephalic trunk \newline 9. subclavian artery \newline 10. right auricle \newline 11. left auricle \newline 12. coronary groove (contains fat and circumflex coronary vessels) \newline 13. caudal vena cava}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Surface of the Horses heart}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{a close-fitting serous membrane}} covered the heart and origins of the major blood vessels \newline \{\{nl\}\} \newline 2 layers \newline - inner {\bf{visceral pericardium}}  \newline - outer {\bf{parietal (fibrous) pericardium}}}  \tn 
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% Row 0
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% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{have a layer of mesothelial cells - secrete {\bf{pericardial fluid}}; overlying connective tissue rich in elastic fibers - merges with myocardium} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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% Row 0
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% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
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% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{→ give rise to a {\bf{ligamentous fold}} which anchors the {\bf{apex}} of the heart in its {\bf{position in the thorax}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- In horses, cattle and pigs this attaches to the {\bf{sternum}} (sternopericardial ligament)} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- In carnivores it attaches to the {\bf{sternum by 2 ligaments}} (by phrenicopericardial and sternopericardial ligaments)} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{pericardial cavity}} \newline - separated visceral and parietal pericardium \newline - contain a small volume of {\bf{lubricant pericardial fluid}}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{GENERAL ANATOMY OF THE HEART}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ru4052_1686233340_8.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{right (atrial) surface}  \tn 
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% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{forms the {\bf{craniodorsal aspect}} of the base} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{consists of main chamber ({\bf{sinus venarum}}), and an {\bf{auricle}} (blind ended sac) surrounds craniodorsal aspect of heart} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{receives blood}} from body via {\bf{venae canae}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
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% Row Count 5 (+ 0)
% Row 4
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-neuter\}\} {\bf{CAUDAL VENA CAVA}} enters RA {\emph{caudodorsally}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-play\}\} {\bf{coronary sinus}}} \tn 
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% Row 6
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- ventral to the entrance of caudal vena cava} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- carries most of venous blood from heart muscle} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- has a small {\bf{semilunar valve}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 0)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-neuter\}\} {\bf{CRANIAL VENA CAVA}} enters RA {\emph{craniodorsally}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-play\}\} {\bf{terminal crest}} (an embryonic remnant of tissue)} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- ventral to the entrance of cranial vena cava} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- {\emph{no functional significance}}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 14
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 0)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-neuter\}\} both conduct blood into RA from opposing directions → potentially causing considerable turbulence} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{⇒ {\bf{intervenous tubercle}} projects ventrally from dorsal wall of RA - direct blood from both venae cavae towards right AV opening} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 3)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{nl\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{RIGHT AZYGOUS VEIN}}} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- drains blood from thoracic wall} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- joins cranial vena cava (in horse, dog and some ruminants)} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- enters heart directly between the vena cavae (in others)} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{RIGHT ATRIUM (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{LEFT AZYGOUS VEIN}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- may present in ruminant and pig} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- enters RA via coronary sinus} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-play\}\} inner surface of {\bf{sinus venarum}} is mainly smooth} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-play\}\} {\bf{auricle}} has {\bf{pectinate muscle}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-blank\}\} a series of muscular ridges} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-blank\}\} additional structural support} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{nl\}\}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{rest of embryonic foramen ovale}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- a conducted blood opening from R to LA in foetus, bypassing pulmonary circulation} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- in {\bf{interatrial septum}}, caudal to intervenous tubercle} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- at birth, the foramen are closed, leaving depressed membranous {\bf{fossa ovalis}} seen in mature heart} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{RIGHT VENTRICLE}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{right cranial portion}} of heart (forms most of cranial border)} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{receives blood from RA via {\bf{right atrioventricular (AV) valve}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 0)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{inner surface has {\bf{trabeculae carnae}} (muscular ridges) → reduce turbulence} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{trabeculae septomarginalis}} or {\bf{moderator band}} (muscular and fine fibrous strands) run between septum and ventricular wall} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{⇒ provide {\bf{structural support}}, {\bf{conduct impulses}} rapidly to entire ventricle, ensure {\bf{coordinated ventricular contraction}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 0)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Blood flow from RV into lungs}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- RV is not fully separated by {\bf{supraventricular crest}} (thin muscular ridge) → blood passes round the supraventricular crest, into {\bf{conus arteriosus}} → pulmonary valve → pulmonary trunk → lungs} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 5)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{pulmonary valve}}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- 3 semilunar cusps} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- fit tightly together when ventricle is relaxed} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{→ prevent blood backflow from pulmonary trunk into ventricle} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{HEART VALVES}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ru4052_1686303670_9.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-play\}\} right AV valve has: \newline \{\{fa-o\}\} 3 cusps ({\bf{tricuspid}}) in most species \newline \{\{fa-o\}\} 2 cusps ({\bf{bicuspid}}) in dogs \newline \{\{nl\}\} \newline THE CUSPS \newline \{\{fa-play\}\} are anchored to fibrous skeleton of heart where it encircles AV opening \newline \{\{fa-play\}\} free edges are attached by {\bf{chordae tendineae}} (multiple fibrous strands) to {\bf{papillary muscles}} (which project from ventricular wall) \newline - normally 3 papillary muscles \newline - each cusp attaches to 2 papillary muscles \newline - each papillary muscle anchors 2 cusps}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{RIGHT VENTRICLE - AV VALVE}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{separate atria from ventricles} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{ventricle contracts → papillary muscles contract → AV valve closes} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{→ prevents blood backflow into RA} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-play\}\} {\bf{blood passes from RV into pulmonary arteries}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{thin-walled RV}} (pulmonary circulation has relatively low resistance to blood flow)} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{LEFT ATRIUM}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{dorso-caudal part}} of heart} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{oxygenated blood}} from lungs enters LA via 7-8 pulmonary veins} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{similar in general structure to RA} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{present pectinate muscles} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{valve of foramen ovale may be visible cranially in interatrial septum} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{LEFT VENTRICLE}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{left caudal portion}} of heart (forms caudal border)} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{conical - forms apex of heart} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{thick-walled}} → generate greater pressure to pump blood to body} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{blood from LA passes into LV via bicuspid {\bf{(mitral) left AV valve}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{trabeculae carnae}} are more prominent, {\bf{papillary muscles}} (usually 2) are larger, {\bf{trabeculae septomarginalis}} also present} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{blood passes into aorta via {\bf{aortic valve}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- like pulmonary valve has 3 main semilunar cusps} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- aorta distributes blood to body via its many branches} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{valve}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ru4052_1686324183_11.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{valve}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ru4052_1686367436_12.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{pulmonary veins}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ru4052_1686324143_10.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{SKELETON OF THE HEART}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{annuli fibrosi}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-play\}\} fibrous skeleton} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-play\}\} rings of collagen and elastic fibers encircle right and left AV valves, aorta and pulmonary trunk} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{⇒ {\bf{separate}} atria and ventricles; {\bf{structural support}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-play\}\} anchor heart muscle ⇒ {\bf{prevent distortion of openings}} during contraction} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{⇒ {\bf{prevent direct conduction of impulses}} from atria to ventricles} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-play\}\} supporting bundles of collagen also pass down interventricular septum} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{fibrous trigone}} - a plate formed by dense fibrous skeleton between AV valves and base of aorta; composed of:} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- dense connective tissue (cat, pig)} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- cartilaginous (dog, horse)} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- partially ossifies → os cordis (ruminants, older individuals of other species)} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Dorsal view}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ru4052_1686368052_13.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{FUNCTION ANATOMY OF HEART}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-neuter\}\} deoxygenated blood enters relaxed RA via cranial and caudal venae cavae} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{coronary sinus (tiny RA opening) collects blood from coronary vessels →  RA → right AV valve} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-play\}\} RA contracts ⇒ complete RV filling} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 0)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-play\}\} RV contracts ⇒ ↑ RV pressure → close right AV valve, open pulmonary valve → pulmonary valve → pulmonary trunk → lungs} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 0)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-play\}\} RV relaxes ⇒ ↓ RV pressure → close pulmonary valve (prevent backflow from lungs into RV) )} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{opens right AV valve, right ventricular filling begins again} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 0)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-neuter\}\} oxygenated blood from lungs enters LA via pulmonary veins} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{blood flows into LV via open left AV valve} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-play\}\} LA contracts ⇒ complete ventricular filling} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 0)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-play\}\} LV contracts ⇒ ↑ LV pressure → closes left AV valve, opens aortic valve → aorta → rest of body} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 0)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-play\}\} LV relaxes ⇒ ↓ LV pressure → closes aortic valve (prevent backflow from aorta into LV)} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{CARDIAC CYCLE}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ru4052_1686382446_2014_Phase_of_Cardiac_Cycle_revised-1536x1536.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{systole}} is period of contraction, heart pumps the blood \newline {\bf{diastole}} is period of relaxation, heart fills with blood \newline -{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-{}-- \newline use a stethoscope to locate a valvular insufficiency or stenosis (heard as a "murmur" on auscultation)}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PHASES OF CARDIAC WORK}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{atrial systole}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{▪ begin when atria, ventricles in diastole} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{▪ AV valves open → passive ventricular filling} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{▪ atrial depolarization → atria contract → completes ventricular filling} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{▪ ECG ▫ P wave, PR interval} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 0)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{isovolumetric contraction}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{▪ ventricular contraction begins ({\bf{ventricular systole}}) → ventricular pressure \textgreater{} atrial pressure → {\bf{AV valves close}} ({\bf{S1}}); semilunar valves closed} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{▪ ECG ▫ QRS complex} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 0)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{rapid ejection}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{▪ ventricular systole continues → left ventricular pressure \textgreater{} aortic pressure → aortic valve open → blood ejected (SV) (blood also ejected into pulmonary vasculature via pulmonic valve)} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{▪ ↑ aortic pressure} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{▪ atrial filling begins} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{▪ ECG ▫ ST segment} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 0)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{reduced ejection}}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{▪ ↓ ventricular ejection velocity} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{▪ ↑ atrial pressure} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{▪ ventricular repolarization begins} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{▪ ECG ▫ T wave} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 0)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{isovolumetric relaxation}}} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{▪ ventricles relaxed ({\bf{ventricular diastole}}); ventricular pressure \textless{} aortic pressure →  {\bf{aortic valve closes}} ({\bf{S2}})} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 3)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{PHASES OF CARDIAC WORK (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{▪ all valves closed} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{▪ ventricular volume: constant} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{▪ complete ventricular repolarization} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{▪ ECG ▫ T wave ends} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 0)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{rapid ventricular filling}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{▪ ventricular diastole continues → ventricular pressure \textless{} atrial pressure → AV valves open} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{▪ passive ventricular filling} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{relationship between cardiac cycle and ECG}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ru4052_1686401576_15.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{P wave}} - atrial depolarization \newline {\bf{QRS complex}} - ventricular depolarization \newline {\bf{T wave}} - ventricular repolarization}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pathway of electrical conduction}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{electrical impulse travels from {\bf{SA node}}, goes through {\bf{atrial internodal fibers}} to {\bf{AV node}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{impulses continue down conduction pathway via {\bf{bundle of His}} into {\bf{Purkinje fibers}} → {\bf{ventricular myocytes}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{trabeculae septomarginalis}} also carry Purkinje fibers to aid spread of electrical impulses to ventricles} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{1.216 cm} x{1.064 cm} x{5.32 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{POSITION OF THE VALVES}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{valve}} & {\bf{side}} & {\bf{position}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{pulmonary} & left & 3\textasciicircum{}rd\textasciicircum{} intercostal space at costochondral junction (above sternum) \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{aortic} & left & 4\textasciicircum{}th\textasciicircum{} intercostal space below shoulder joint (above costochondral junction) \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
left AV & left & 4\textasciicircum{}th\textasciicircum{} - 5\textasciicircum{}th\textasciicircum{} intercostal space just below costochondral junction \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
right AV & right & 3\textasciicircum{}rd\textasciicircum{} – 4\textasciicircum{}th\textasciicircum{} intercostal space at costochondral junction \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{SA node (sinoatrial node)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{highest rate} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{pacemaker - generate heart beat} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{location: right atrial myocardium near junction with cranial vena cava} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{regulated by:} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- {\bf{sympathetic cardiac nerve fibers}} - ↑ discharge rate} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- {\bf{right vagal (parasympathetic) nerve fibers}} - ↓ discharge rate} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{AV node (atrioventricular node)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{second highest discharge rate} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{location: near coronary sinus on interatrial septum} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{mainly controlled by left vagus nerve} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Location}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ru4052_1686388573_14.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{COMPARATIVE HEARTS}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{CANINE}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{45\textasciicircum{}o\textasciicircum{} to sternum} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{apex lies on sternum at junction of sternum and diaphragm, attached to latter by {\bf{phrenicopericardial ligament}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{right and left AV valves are bicuspid} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 0)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{EQUINE}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{further cranial and ventral (2\textasciicircum{}nd\textasciicircum{} to 6\textasciicircum{}th\textasciicircum{} intercostal space)} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{apex anchors to sternum by {\bf{sternopericardial ligament}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{horses in training have a larger heart (hypertrophy vs hyperplasia)} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 0)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{RUMINANT}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{60\% to left of midline (2\textasciicircum{}nd\textasciicircum{} to 5\textasciicircum{}th\textasciicircum{} intercostal space) - almost vertical} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{apex anchors to sternum by {\bf{sternopericardial ligament}}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{beware traumatic pericarditis} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 0)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{PORCINE}}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{relatively small - (between 2\textasciicircum{}nd\textasciicircum{} to 5\textasciicircum{}th\textasciicircum{} ribs)} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{45\textasciicircum{}o\textasciicircum{} to sternum} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{HISTOLOGY OF HEART}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{ENDOCARDIUM}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{polygonal endothelial cells}} on basement membrane, supported by a {\bf{subendothelial coat}} of fine collagenous and elastic fibers} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 0)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{MYOCARDIUM}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{cardiac muscle → {\bf{striated myocardial cells}}, electrically coupled at {\bf{intercalated discs}} (essential for rhythmic contraction)} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{form branching and anastomosing fibers} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{perinuclear halo}} - pale staining cytoplasm surrounds cardiac muscle nuclei (central nucleus)} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{endomysium}} - connective tissue sheath surrounds each muscle fiber, thickened at valve attachment points and fibrous skeleton} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 0)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{EPICARDIUM}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{serous membrane - forms the visceral pericardium} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{carries vasculature} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{HISTORY OF BLOOD VESSELS}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ru4052_1686410162_16.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-play\}\} 3 layers: tunica adventitia, tunica media, tunica intima \newline  \newline - external connective tissue \newline - {\bf{tunica adventitia}} (most important) \newline \{\{fa-o\}\} + external elastic lamina \newline - {\bf{tunica media}} \newline - {\bf{tunica intima}} \newline \{\{fa-o\}\} + internal elastic lamina \newline \{\{fa-o\}\} + subendothelial connective tissue \newline \{\{fa-o\}\} + endothelium \newline - lumen}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{HISTORY OF BLOOD VESSELS - ARTERY}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{CONDUCTING (ELASTIC) ARTERIES}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{large arteries, wide lumen → conduct large volumes of blood around body} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- {\emph{tunica intima}} - all elements present} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- {\emph{tunica media}} - mostly elastic fibers, but fine collagen fibers, fibroblasts, smooth muscle in between} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- {\emph{tunica adventitia}} - no distinct external elastic lamina, blend with surrounding tissue} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 0)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{DISTRIBUTING (MUSCULAR) ARTERIES}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{small and medium sized arteries, carry blood to specific tissues} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{very thick wall → smaller lumen} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{3 layers are present} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- elastic laminae well-defined} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- tunica media mainly has a thick layer of smooth muscle} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 0)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{ARTERIOLES}}} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{lumen diameter \textless{} 200µm} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- {\emph{tunica intima}} - lacks subendothelial coat} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- {\emph{tunica media}} - has only 1-3 layers of smooth muscle cells} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- {\emph{tunica adventitia}} - no external elastic lamina, connective tissue blends with surrounding tissue} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{HISTORY OF BLOOD VESSELS - CAPPILARIES}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- exchange site of metabolites and waste products} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- diameter \textless{} 10µm → allow to pass single blood cells} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- endothelial cells line basement membrane - surrounded by loose connective tissue} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- 5 types} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 0)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{CONTINUOUS CAPILLARIES}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- no pores or interruptions between endothelial cells} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- muscle, lungs, nervous tissue} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 0)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{FENESTRATED CAPILLARIES}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- have pores throughout endothelial walls} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- endocrine glands, intestines, where fluid transport is important} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 0)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{SINUSOIDAL CAPILLARIES}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- larger, more irregular shaped, no distinct basement membrane} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- endocrine organs, aortic and carotid bodies} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 0)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{SINUSOID}}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- larger, basement membrane mostly absent, gaps in walls → exchange large molecules (proteins)} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- bone marrow, liver} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 0)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{SINUSES}}} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- larger than sinusoids with a discontinuous basement membrane} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- spleen} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{HISTORY OF BLOOD VESSELS - VEIN}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{VENULES}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- lined by endothelial cells combined with loose connective tissue} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 0)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{SMALL AND MEDIUM VEINS}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- more smooth muscle, less muscular than similarly-sized arteries} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- thin {\emph{tunica intima}} and {\emph{tunica media}}, surrounded by well-developed {\emph{tunica adventitia}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- may have valves formed by invaginations of the tunica intima → ensure blood flows in one direction} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 0)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{LARGE VEINS}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- {\emph{tunica intima}} - thicker, may be internal elastic lamina} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- {\emph{tunica media}} - mainly collagen and elastic fibers (may have smooth muscle)} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- {\emph{tunica adventitia}} - thickest, has fibroelastic tissue. No valves in largest veins} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF BLOOD VESSELS}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- {\bf{store kinetic energy}} by elastic artery during systole} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- {\bf{maintain blood pressure and blood flow}} by elastic fibers recoil in diastole} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- {\bf{regulate blood supply}} by autonomic control of smooth muscle} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- {\bf{provide resistance to pulse pressure}} for capillaries by arterioles} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- {\bf{exchange site}} (capillaries)} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{VENOUS RETURN}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{is aided by:} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-play\}\} {\bf{muscular pump}} - limb muscles contract → external pressure on large veins} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-play\}\} {\bf{respiratory pump}} - (-) pressure (during inspiration) in thorax helps return blood to heart} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-play\}\} {\bf{cardiac pump}} - low (+) blood pressure (\textasciitilde{} 15mmHg) in great veins returns to heart} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{HAEMATOPOIESIS AND ANGIOGENESIS}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ru4052_1686450594_14.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{haematopoiesis}} - sự tạo huyết \newline {\bf{angiogenesis}} - sự tạo mạch \newline  \newline splanchnic mesoderm: trung bì tạng \newline peripheral cells: tế bào ngoại vi \newline vascular endothelium: nội mô mạch \newline embryo: phôi \newline vitelline: noãn hoàng \newline allantoic: nang \newline vascularize: tạo mạch máu \newline placenta: nhau thai \newline mesenchyme: trung mô \newline cord: sợi \newline arch: vòm}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF AORTIC ARCHES}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{aortic arches} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-play\}\} 6 pairs, enclose pharynx} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-play\}\} ventral aorta to dorsal aorta} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-play\}\} fish} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- all 6 pairs may be functional} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-play\}\} birds and mammals} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- aortic arches I,II,V degenerate} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- aortic arches III, IV and VI remain} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{SPECIALIZED CARDIOVASCULAR ELEMENTS}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-play\}\} {\bf{collateral circulation}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- most {\bf{distributing arteries branches}} before ending in tissues} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- lung, intestine} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 0)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-play\}\} {\bf{anatomical end artery}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- no anastomosis exists} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- single artery supplies blood to a specific tissue piece with no collateral circulation} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- brain, cornea} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 0)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-play\}\} {\bf{functional end artery}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- anastomosis exists but not give enough blood} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- artery supplies blood to a specific tissue piece has insufficient collateral circulation} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- coronary, cerebral and retina arteries} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 0)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-play\}\} {\bf{retia mirabilia}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- major arteries which split suddenly into multiple parallel vessels} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{renal glomerulus} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 0)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-play\}\} {\bf{arteriovenous anastomosis}}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- blood shunts directly from an arteriole to a venule, bypassing capillary bed} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- skin, horse hoof} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 0)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-play\}\} {\bf{vasa vasorum}}} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- a fine network of vessels, supply walls of major blood vessels} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- in tunica adventitia / external tunica media} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 0)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-play\}\} {\bf{portal systems}}} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- a vein connects 2 capillary beds} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 1)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- hepatic portal system} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 1)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{SPECIALIZED CARDIOVASCULAR ELEMENTS (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-play\}\} {\bf{alternative venous drainage}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- some tissues are drained by two venous routes} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- bronchial, caudal vertebral column} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 0)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-play\}\} {\bf{veins without valves}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- some specially large veins lack valves} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- vertebral venous sinus, portal veins} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{BRONCHIAL CIRCULATION}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{lungs have {\bf{dual circulation}} between {\bf{broncho-esophageal}} and {\bf{pulmonary}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{in pigs, carnivore, some ruminants, some blood from bronchi drains via brochial veins → azygous vein → enters RA} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{remaining bronchial blood, all of it in horse, returns to heart via oxygenated pulmonary vein → LA} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{CORONARY CIRCULATION}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-play\}\} coronary arteries - {\bf{first branches}} of aorta} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-play\}\} left and right coronary arteries} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- not form collateral circulations} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- functional end arteries supply myocardial capillary bed} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 0)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{LCA supplies left heart chambers} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{RCA supplies right heart chambers} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-play\}\} considerable species variation} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-play\}\} venous drainage from myocardial capillary bed} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- great coronary vein → RA (at coronary sinus)} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{small coronary vein (Thebesian veins) → into all 4 chambers} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 0)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Carnivore and ruminant}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- LCA supplies paraconal and subsinuosal interventricular branches and left circumflex branch} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- RCA supplies right circumflex branch} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 0)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{horse and pig}}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- LCA supplies paraconal interventricular branch} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- RCA forms right circumflex branch, and subsinuosal interventricular branch} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{THE CONDUCTION SYSTEM}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{cardiac muscle fibers {\bf{contracts on its own}} without external stimulus} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{origin of heart beat from {\bf{muscular (myogenic)}}, not neural (neurogenic)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 0)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{innervation of myocardium}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- response to change} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- from both sympathetic and parasympathetic stimuli} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- concentrated around nodes} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{CONGENITAL CARDIOVASCULAR PROBLEMS}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\emph{các vấn đề tim mạch bẩm sinh}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 0)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{SEPTAL DEFECTS}} ({\emph{dị tật vách ngăn}})} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-play\}\} Atrial} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{foramen ovale can not close → ↑ load on right side (higher left atrial pressure)} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{→ pulmonary congestion and relative pulmonic stenosis} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-play\}\} Ventricular} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{↑ pulmonary blood flow, and left ventricular dilatation and failure} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 0)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS}} ({\emph{còn ống động mạch}})} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-play\}\} blood flow from right to left cause pulmonary vascular resistance and right heart pressures decrease, left heart pressures increase} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{→ pulmonary congestion and machinery murmur} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 0)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{VALVULAR DEFORMITIES}} ({\emph{dị dạng van tim}})} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-play\}\} {\bf{stenosis}} ({\emph{hẹp van tim}})} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{pulmonic stenosis → right ventricular hypertrophy and failure → "seagull" murmur} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{aortic stenosis → poor coronary blood supply → sudden death, myocardial damage} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-play\}\} {\bf{incompetencies}} (leakage or insufficiency) ({\emph{hở van tim}})} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{common in AV valve → blood backflow} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 0)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{TETRALOGY OF FALLOT}} ({\emph{tứ chứng Fallot}})} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{4 problems:} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 1)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- ventricular septal defect} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 1)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- pulmonic stenosis} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{- aortic override} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 1)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{CONGENITAL CARDIOVASCULAR PROBLEMS (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{right ventricular hypertrophy} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{→ stunting and cyanosis} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 0)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{VASCULAR RING ANOMALY}} (Persistent Right Aortic Arch)} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{abormal development of aortic arch → form constricting band around esophagus → megaesophagus} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 0)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNTS}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{anastomosis forms between portal system and any of main veins} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{toxic metabolic products from gut to bypass liver, go directly to heart →} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{→ animal can't grow → hepatic encephalopathy (damage to brain tissues)} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}