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\author{ressentie}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (chapter-7.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (ressentie)
  /Subject (CHAPTER 7 Cheat Sheet)
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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{CHAPTER 7 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{ressentie} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/163647/cs/34383/}}}
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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}ressentie \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/ressentie} \\
  \end{tabulary}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 27th September, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{HEMATOPOIESIS}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Cell renewal, proliferation, differentiation, and maturation} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Hematopoietic inductive microenvironment {\emph{(niche)}} }}in the bone marrow = regulate hematopoietic stem cell maintenance, self-renewal, and differentiation; where hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSCs/HPCs) grow and develop} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{2.72 cm} x{5.28 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Site of Hematopoiesis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Adults}} & bone marrow \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Fetal development}} & yolk sac \textgreater{} aorta-gonad mesonephros (AGM) region (mesoblastic phase) \textgreater{} fetal liver (hepatic phase) \textgreater{} bone marrow (medullary phase) \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ADULT HEMATOPOIETIC TISSUE}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Located in the {\bf{bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, liver, }}and {\bf{thymus}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Lymphoid development occurs in primary and secondary lymphoid tissue.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Primary lymphoid tissue }}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}bone marrow and thymus = (T\&B lymphocytes)} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Secondary lymphoid tissue}} (lymphoid cells that respond to foreign antigens)} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}spleen, lymph nodes, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Medullary (Myeloid) Phase}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{5th month}} of development = hematopoiesis begins in the {\bf{Bone Marrow (Chief Site)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{"Medullary" = occurs in the medulla or inner part of the bone} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Myeloid-to-erythroid ratio = {\bf{3:1}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Production of adult hemoglobins ({\bf{HbA1 and HbA2}})} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Bone Marrow}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Location = within the cavities of the cortical bones} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Contains {\bf{hematopoietic cells, stromal cells, and blood vessels}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Red marrow}} = hematopoietically active; developing blood cells and their progenitors} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Yellow marrow}} =hematopoietically inactive marrow; composed primarily of adipocytes (fat cells)} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Retrogression}} = replacing the active marrow by adipocytes} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}{\bf{Infancy and early childhood}} = primarily red (active) marrow \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{5 and 7 years of age}} = adipocytes become more abundant} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Yellow marrow is capable of reverting back to active marrow in cases of increased demand on the bone marrow, such as in excessive blood loss or hemolysis}  \tn 
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Stromal cells}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Stromal cells play a critical role in the {\bf{regulation of hematopoietic stem}} and {\bf{progenitor cell survival and differentiation}}% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
} \tn 
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of Stromal Cells}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{1. Endothelial cells }}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}form a single layer along inner surface of the arteries, veins, and vascular sinuses; regulate what enters or leaves the vascular sinuses} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{2. Adipocytes}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}large cells with a single fat vacuole; regulating volume of the marrow in which active hematopoiesis occur} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{3. Macrophages }}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}phagocytosis; secrete various cytokines} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{4. Osteoblasts }}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}bone-forming cells} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{5. Osteoclasts }}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}bone-resorbing cells} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Originate from {\bf{mesenchymal cells}} \newline Secrete a {\bf{semifluid extracellular matrix}} to promote cell adhesion = matrix contains fibronectin, collagen, laminin, thrombospondin, tenascin, and proteoglycans}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Spleen Pathophysiology}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Blood route entering the spleen:} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{1. {\bf{Slow-transit pathway}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}RBCs \textgreater{} cords \textgreater{} sinuses \textgreater{} RBC have hard time entering sinus thus, slow passage \textgreater{} but RBC metabolism is continuous \textgreater{} creates acidic, hypoglycemic, and hypoxic environment \textgreater{} environment stress in spleen \textgreater{} possible hemolysis} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 6)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{2. {\bf{Rapid-transit pathway}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}RBC \textgreater{} sinuses \textgreater{} venous system \textgreater{} exit spleen} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Spleen}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Largest lymphoid organ in the body}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Storage site for platelets}} (30\% total plt are kept in spleen)} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{2 methods to remove senescent or abnormal RBCs from the circulation:} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}1. {\bf{Culling}} = cells are phagocytized \{\{nl\}\}2. {\bf{Pitting}} = splenic macrophages remove inclusions or damaged surface membrane from the circulating RBCs.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 6)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Blood enters the spleen through the {\bf{central splenic artery}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{senescence}} = loss of a cell's power of division and growth}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Thymus}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Densely populated with progenitor lymphoid cells that migrated from the bone marrow and will soon give rise to T cells.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{T cells from bone marrow \textgreater{} go to thymus \textgreater{} No surface markers yet (CD4 CD8) \textgreater{} go to corticomedullary junction \textgreater{} once influenced by chemokines, cytokines, and receptors \textgreater{} T cells go to cortex \textgreater{} express CD4 CD8 marker \textgreater{} go to medulla \textgreater{} T cell matures \textgreater{} leave thymus \textgreater{} go to T cell dependent areas (spleen, lymph nodes, and other lymphoid tissues)} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 7)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Medulla holds mature T cells until they are needed by the peripheral lymphoid tissues}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Lymph Nodes}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Lymph}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}fluid portion of blood escapes into the connective tissue} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Lymph \textgreater{} Enter in Afferent vessels \textgreater{} lymph nodes filter lymph \textgreater{} Exit in Efferent vessels} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Three main functions}}:} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}1. Site of lymphocyte proliferation from the germinal centers \{\{nl\}\}2. Initiation of the specific immune response to foreign antigens \{\{nl\}\}3. Filter particulate matter, debris, and bacteria entering the lymph node} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cytokines and Growth Factors}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Cytokines}} - group of specific glyco{\bf{proteins}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}-Such as interleukins (ILs), lymphokines, monokines, interferons, chemokines, and colonystimulating factors (CSFs) have an effect on other cells. \{\{nl\}\}-{\bf{Regulate the proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of hematopoietic precursor cells}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Cytokines promote growth and survival to hematopoietic progenitor cells} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Cytokines prevent hematopoietic precursor cell death by {\bf{inhibiting apoptosis}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Apoptosis}} - programmed cell death; eliminates unwanted, abnormal, or harmful cells.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Note}}: Cytokine and Growth Factor are often used synonymously}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cytokine Influence}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Cytokines negative influence on hematopoiesis }} & transforming growth factor-b, tumor necrosis factor-a, and the interferons \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Cytokines positive influence on hematopoiesis }} & stimulate production and differentiation of precursor cell \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{TGFβ}} - inhibit the growth of many types of cells; antagonize many immune responses}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{CFU}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ressentie_1664286213_Picture14.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Early-Acting Multilineage GF}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{KIT ligand (stem cell factor)}} - early-acting growth factor} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}receptor-type tyrosine-protein kinase} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{KIT ligand \textgreater{} bind to KIT receptor \textgreater{} signals from transduction pathways to the HSC nucleus \textgreater{} stimulate the cell to proliferate}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{FLT3}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}receptor-type tyrosine-protein kinase} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{KIT ligand + FLT3 ligand}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Work synergistically with IL-3, GM-CSF, and other cytokines to promote early HSC proliferation and differentiation.} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{IL-3 }}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}control granulocytes and macrophages production, differentiation, and function to regulate blood cell production} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Activation of the KIT receptor by KIT ligand is essential in the early stages of hematopoiesis.} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{GM-CSF stimulate HSC differentiation to common myeloid progenitor} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hematopoietic Stem Cells}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are {\bf{capable of self-renewal}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{They are {\bf{pluripotent}} and can differentiate into all the different types of blood cells.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mesoblastic Phase}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Begins during {\bf{nineteenth day of embryonic development}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{1. Cells from the mesoderm migrate to the yolk sac\textgreater{} form primitive erythroblasts\textgreater{} produce hemoglobin ({\bf{Gower-1, Gower-2, and Portland}}) for delivery of oxygen} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{2. Cells from the mesoderm migrate to the AGM\textgreater{}give rise to HSC} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Occurs intravascularly}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hepatic Phase}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{5 to 7 gestational weeks}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Liver = remaining the {\bf{major site of hematopoiesis during the second trimester}} of fetal development} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Liver Hematopoiesis = peak by the third month, declines after the sixth month} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Thymus = site of T cell production} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Kidney and spleen = site of B cell production} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Production of {\bf{megakaryocytes}} begins} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Lymphoid cells begin to appear} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Fetal hemoglobin ({\bf{Hb F}}) is the predominant hemoglobin} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Spleen, kidney, thymus, and lymph nodes}} contribute to the hematopoietic process during this phase.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Occurs extravascularly \newline {\bf{Thymus}} - the first fully developed organ in the fetus}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Site of Hematopoiesis}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ressentie_1664283753_Picture11.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Red Marrow}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Composed of extramedullary cords that contain all developing cells (stem and progenitor cells, adventitial cells, and macrophages)} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Bone foramina}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}where nutrient and periosteal arteries enters to provide nutrient and oxygen to the marrow; also where the blood exits from BM} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Liver}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Second trimester}} of fetal development} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Major site of hematopoiesis} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Hepatocytes functions}}:} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Protein synthesis and degradation, coagulation factor synthesis, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, drug and toxin clearance, iron recycling and storage, and hemoglobin degradation (bilirubin is conjugated and transported to the small intestine for excretion)} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 7)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Kupffer cells}} (macrophages)} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Remove senescent cells and foreign debris from the blood in the liver; secrete mediators that regulate protein synthesis in the hepatocytes} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Liver Pathophysiology}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Porphyrias}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Defects in the enzymes involved in heme biosynthesis = accumulation of intermediary porphyrins = damage hepatocytes, erythrocyte precursors, and other tissues} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Severe hemolytic anemia }}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Liver \textgreater{} increases the conjugation of bilirubin and storage of iron} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Liver removes membrane-damaged RBCs from circulation}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{If BM is damaged}} (myelofibrosis)} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Liver can extramedullary hematopoiesis - keep hematopoietic stem\&progenitor cells to produce various blood cells} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Spleen Pathophysiology}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Splenomegaly}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Spleen becomes enlarged and is palpable \{\{nl\}\} Caused by: chronic leukemias, inherited membrane or enzyme defects in RBCs, hemoglobinopathies, Hodgkin disease, thalassemia, malaria, and the myeloproliferative disorders} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Splenectomy}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Excessive destruction of RBCs due to {\emph{autoimmune hemolytic anemia}} (corticosteroids does not effectively suppress hemolysis) or {\emph{severe hereditary spherocytosis}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{After splenectomy = {\bf{platelet and leukocyte counts increase}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Autosplenectomy}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}{\bf{Sickle cell anemia}} = sickled RBCs trapped in the small-vessel circulation of the spleen = tissue damage/necrosis} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Hypersplenism}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Enlargement of the spleen (pancytopenia) \{\{nl\}\}  Most common causes {\bf{1. congestive splenomegaly 2. cirrhosis of the liver 3. portal hypertension}}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Lymph Node Pathophysiology}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Antigenic stimulation \textgreater{} cortical region develop cluster of activated B cell called germinal centers} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Paracortex region}} = contains T cells and macrophage \{\{nl\}\}{\bf{Medullary cord region}} = contains plasma cells and B cells} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Too much microorganism enter lymph node \textgreater{} macrophage are overwhelmed \textgreater{} result to adenitis (infection of the lymph node)} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Worst case: malignant cells from tumors enter lymph node \textgreater{} spread to nearby lymph nodes} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Follicles with germinal centers are called {\bf{secondary follicles}}, while those without are called {\bf{primary follicles}} \newline {\bf{Germinal centers}} = Site of lymphocyte proliferation}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Stem Cell Theory}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Monophyletic theory}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Suggests that all blood cells are derived from a single progenitor stem cell called a pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell; {\bf{widely accepted theory}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Polyphyletic theory}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Suggests that each of the blood cell lineages is derived from its own unique stem cell} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Common {\bf{lymphoid}} progenitor} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}T, B, and natural killer lymphocyte and dendritic lineages} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Common {\bf{myeloid}} progenitor} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}granulocytic, erythrocytic, monocytic, and megakaryocytic lineages} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{SC Phenotypic \& Functional Characterization}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Origin of HSCs can be determined by immunophenotypic analysis using flow cytometry} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{General characteristics of maturation include {\bf{decrease in nuclear and cell diameter}}, {\bf{loss of nucleoli}}, {\bf{condensation of nuclear chromatin}}, and {\bf{decreased basophilia in cytoplasm}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Colony-Stimulating Factors}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ressentie_1664285754_Picture13.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Interleukins}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Proteins/group of cytokines that regulates autoimmune, inflammatory reactions, and hematopoiesis} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Synergize with other cytokines} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Effective at very low concentrations} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{LINEAGE: Erythropoiesis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{The {\bf{CFU-GEMM}} gives rise to the earliest identifiable colony of RBCs, called the burst-forming unit–erythroid (BFU-E)} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{BFU-Es}} under the influence of IL-3, GM-CSF, TPO, and KIT ligand develop into colony-forming unit–erythroid (CFU-E) colonies} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{CFU-E has many EPO receptors}} and has an absolute requirement for EPO} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Small amount of EPO is produced by the liver}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Oxygen availability in the {\bf{kidney is the stimulus that activates production and secretion of EPO}}} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{LINEAGE: Megakaryopoiesis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{The liver is the main site of production of TPO}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{BLOOD CELL LINEAGE}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ressentie_1664286275_Picture15.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}