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\author{ressentie}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (chapter-6.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (ressentie)
  /Subject (CHAPTER 6 Cheat Sheet)
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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{CHAPTER 6 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{ressentie} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/163647/cs/34366/}}}
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\noindent
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}ressentie \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/ressentie} \\
  \end{tabulary}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 27th September, 2022.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Plasma Membrane}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{· {\bf{Barrier for cell}}\{\{nl\}\}· Facilitates and restricts {\bf{cellular exchange}} of substances\{\{nl\}\}· Maintains {\bf{electrochemical gradient}} and receptors for signal transduction} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{· Lipid bilayer consisting of {\bf{phospholipids, cholesterol and proteins}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nucleus}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{· Contains {\bf{genetic code}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{· {\bf{Controls cell division and functions}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{· Composed of {\bf{DNA}} and {\bf{proteins}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Three {\bf{components}}:} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}The chromatin, the nuclear envelope, and the nucleoli} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{· {\bf{Largest organelle}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{· {\bf{Site of DNA replication and transcription}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{· Has an {\bf{affinity for basic dyes}} (deep purple with wright stain)} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nucleolus}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{· {\bf{Synthesizes ribosomal RNA}} and assembles ribosome subunits} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{· Composed of {\bf{ribosomal RNA}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Ribosomes}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{· {\bf{Synthesizes proteins}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{· Composed of {\bf{protein and ribosomal RNA}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{· {\bf{Synthesizes most membrane-bound proteins}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{· {\bf{Studded with ribosomes}} \{\{nl\}\}· Membrane-lined tubules that {\bf{branch and connect to nuclear membrane}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{· {\bf{Synthesizes phospholipids and steroids}} \{\{nl\}\}· {\bf{Detoxifies drugs}}; {\bf{stores calcium}}} \tn 
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% Row 1
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{· {\bf{No ribosomes}} \{\{nl\}\}· Membrane-lined tubules {\bf{adjacent/touching with RER}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Membrane Carbohydrates}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{In the outer layer, carbohydrates (oligosaccharides) are covalently linked to some membrane proteins:} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Carbohydrates + protein = {\bf{glycoproteins}} \{\{nl\}\}Carbohydrates + phospholipids = {\bf{glycolipids}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Glycoprotein + glycolipid = {\bf{glycocalyx}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}Glycocalyx provide a {\bf{negative surface charge}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 2
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Glycoprotein and glycolipid are {\bf{surface markers or antigens}}} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Phospholipid Asymmetry in the Membrane}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Phosphatidylserine + Phosphatidylethanolamine}} = inner layer \newline {\bf{Sphingomyelin + Phosphatidylcholine}} = outer layer}  \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nucleus: Nuclear Envelope}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Have {\bf{nuclear pore}}  = passage of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nucleus: Nucleoli}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ressentie_1664167606_Picture6.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{· Site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) production \newline · Nucleolus produce ribosome\textgreater{}ribosome create protein\textgreater{}\# of nucleoli = protein synthesis that occurs \newline · Mature cells = decreased protein synthesis}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Golgi Apparatus}}  \tn
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{· Stack of flattened sacs called cisternae \newline · Modify, sort, and pack macromolecules for secretion or delivery to other organelles \newline · Vesicles that contains membrane-bound and soluble proteins from RER \textgreater{} enter golgi (cis face) \textgreater{} modified by enzymes either for glycosylation, sulfation, or phosphorylation \textgreater{} exit golgi (trans face) \textgreater{} lysosomes/secretory vesicles are formed \textgreater{} go to plasma membrane}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cytoplasm}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ressentie_1664167898_Picture7.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{· tRNA carry and transport amino acid to the ribosome \newline · mRNA provides the genetic code for the sequence of amino acids for the protein being synthesized \newline · Cells that produce proteins = increased ribosome = dark blue stain (basophilia) \newline · Therefore, RBC precursor produce hb (a protein)\textgreater{}more basophilic\textgreater{}darker}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hematopoiesis}}  \tn
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hematopoiesis}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Bone marrow} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}3rd trimester to adulthood} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Stromal cells} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}· Protects BM \{\{nl\}\}· Secrete many different growth factors required for stem cell, progenitor cell, and precursor cell survival \{\{nl\}\}· Creates an extracellular matrix = By secreting collagen, fibronectin, thrombospondin, laminin, and proteoglycans (such as hyaluronate, chondroitin sulfate, and heparan sulfate)} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 8)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Growth factors (ligands)} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}· Regulate the proliferation and differentiation of progenitor and precursor cells \{\{nl\}\}· Bind to a receptor\textgreater{}signals nucleus\textgreater{}activate kinase\textgreater{}promote response \seqsplit{(proliferate/differentiate)}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Hematopoiesis}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ressentie_1664168606_Picture10.png}}} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Tumor Suppressor Genes}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Code proteins that ensure and control cell division only when required} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Loss of function of tumor suppressor gene = uncontrolled cell division = cancer} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{TP53 - Most important Tumor suppressor gene} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}· Detects G1 DNA damage  \{\{nl\}\}· Trigger apoptosis \{\{nl\}\}· Ensures only DNA-error free cells can undergo division \{\{nl\}\}· TP53 \textgreater{} Inc TP21 \textgreater{} inhibits cyclin/cdk complex \textgreater{} no cell division occurs} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Regulation of the Cell Cycle}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Needed to prevent abnormal or mutated cells from going through the cell cycle and producing an abnormal clone} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{FOUR MAJOR CHECKPOINTS IN THE CELL CYCLE} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}· {\bf{G1 restriction point}} - checks for the appropriate amount of nutrients and appropriate cell volume \{\{nl\}\}· {\bf{G1 DNA damage checkpoint}} - checks the DNA for damage and makes the cell wait for DNA repair or initiates apoptosis. \{\{nl\}\}· {\bf{G2 DNA damage checkpoint}} - verify that replication took place without error or damage (defects=mitosis is blocked) \{\{nl\}\}· {\bf{Mitosis metaphase}} - checks the alignment of chromosomes and the integrity of the spindle apparatus. (defects=anaphase is blocked)} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 12)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mitosis}}  \tn
% Row 0
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Prophase} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}· Chromosomes condense  \{\{nl\}\}· Duplicated centrosomes begin to separate  \{\{nl\}\}· Mitotic spindle fibers appear} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Prometaphase} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}· Nuclear envelope disassembles \{\{nl\}\}· Centrosomes move to opposite poles \{\{nl\}\}· Sister chromatids attach to the mitotic spindle fibers} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Metaphase} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}· Sister chromatids align} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Anaphase} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}· Sister chromatids separate and move on opposite poles} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Telophase} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}· Mitotic spindle fibers disappear \{\{nl\}\}· Nuclear membrane reassembles} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Cytokinesis} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}· Cell divides into two identical daughter cells} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
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\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mitochondria}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{· Produces most of the cell's {\bf{ATP}} via {\bf{oxidative phosphorylation}}} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Capable of self-replication} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}An organelle that has its own DNA and RNA} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Cristae - oxidative enzymes are attached} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Mitochondrial enzymes:} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}· oxidize pyruvate and fatty acids to acetyl CoA \{\{nl\}\}· citric acid cycle oxidizes the acetyl CoA producing electrons for the electron transport pathway} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Lysosomes}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{· {\bf{Contains hydrolytic enzymes}} that degrade unwanted material in the cell} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Lysosomal enzymes} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}· Low pH cytosol (acidic) = active \{\{nl\}\}· High pH (bcontain hydrolytic enzymes (intracellular digestive process)} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Lysosomal lipid storage diseases} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}· Gaucher disease \{\{nl\}\}· Tay-Sachs disease} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Mitochondria}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ressentie_1664168170_Picture9.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Microfilaments}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{· {\bf{Supports cytoskeleton and motility}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{· Double-stranded, intertwined solid {\bf{structures of actin}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Microfilaments and Intermediate Filaments}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{· {\bf{Supports cytoskeleton and motility}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{· Double-stranded, intertwined solid {\bf{structures of actin}}} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Actin microfilaments}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}· 5 to 7 nm in diameter \{\{nl\}\}· associate with myosin to enable cell motility, contraction, and intracellular transport. \{\{nl\}\}· near the nuclear envelope to assist in cell division \{\{nl\}\}· near the plasma membrane to provide cytoskeletal support} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Intermediate filaments}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}· 8 to 10 nm diameter \{\{nl\}\}· most durable element of the cytoskeleton \{\{nl\}\}· provide structural stability for the cells  \{\{nl\}\}· Found in keratins and lamins} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Microtubules}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ressentie_1664166068_Picture1.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{· {\bf{Maintains cell shape, motility, and mitotic process}} \newline · Form the mitotic spindle fibers during mitosis and are the major components of centrioles. \newline · Hollow cylinder of {\bf{α and β tubulin forming 13 protofilaments}}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Centrosome}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ressentie_1664166261_Picture2.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{· Contains centrioles that serve as insertion points for mitotic spindle fibers \newline · Two cylinder-shaped centrioles at {\bf{right angle; nine bundles of three microtubules}}.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cell Membrane}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Polar-charged {\bf{hydrophilic}} (water-soluble) structures & {\bf{Phospholipid's phosphate end}} + {\bf{cholesterol's hydroxyl radical}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Non-polar-charged {\bf{hydrophobic}} (water-insoluble) structures & {\bf{Phospholipid's fatty acid chains}} + {\bf{cholesterol's steroid nucleus}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Membrane Proteins}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{1. Transmembrane proteins}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}· Channels and transporters for water, ions, and other molecules between the cytoplasm and the external environment. \{\{nl\}\}· Also function as receptors and adhesion molecules. \{\{nl\}\}· Have cytoplasmic ends to attach the cytoskeletal proteins = structural integrity to the cell} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{2. Cytoskeletal proteins}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}· Found only on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Example: Hereditary spherocytosis}} \newline Inherited gene mutation that codes for transmembrane or cytoskeletal proteins \textgreater{} disrupt membrane integrity \textgreater{} short RBC life span \textgreater{} hemolytic anemia}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nucleus: Chromatin}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{1. Heterochromatin}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}· Condensed clumping pattern \{\{nl\}\}· Transcriptionally inactive \{\{nl\}\}· Seen in mature cells = they are less transcriptionally active} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{2. Euchromatin}}} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}· Diffuse, uncondensed, open chromatin \{\{nl\}\}· Genetically active \{\{nl\}\}· Pale blue when stained with wright stain} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Nucleus: Chromatin}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ressentie_1664167400_Picture5.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{CELL CYCLE}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Purpose} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}· Replicate DNA \{\{nl\}\}· Distribute identical chromosome copies equally to two daughter cells during mitosis} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{Biochemical and morphologic four-stage process} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}· G1 (gap 1), S (DNA synthesis), G2 (gap 2), and M (mitosis)} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{CELL CYCLE}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{G0 (quiescence)} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}· Cell is not actively in the cell cycle. \{\{nl\}\}· Resting period until cell have right requirements to divide} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{G1} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}· Period of cell growth; synthesis of components necessary for replication \{\{nl\}\}· Lasts about 10 hours} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{S stage} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}· DNA replication takes place \{\{nl\}\}· 8 hours \{\{nl\}\}· Produces sister chromatids \{\{nl\}\}· Centrosome is also duplicated} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{G2} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}· The tetraploid DNA is checked for proper replication and damage \{\{nl\}\}· 4 hours} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{M stage} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}· Division of chromosomes and cytoplasm into two daughter cells.} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{CELL CYCLE}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ressentie_1664169022_Picture11.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cyclin/CDK complexes}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/ressentie_1664169215_Picture12.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{1. Cyclin (protein) binds to CDK (enzymes) \newline 2. Cyclin-CDK complex activate the proteins required in progression of cell cycle \newline \textasciicircum{}Via phosphorylation (Phosphate group attach to target proteins)\textasciicircum{} \newline  \newline ·G1 – cyclin D + cdk4 and cdk6 \newline ·G1 going to S phase – cyclin E + cdk2 \newline ·S phase to G2 – cyclin e (decrease) Cyclin A (increase) + cdk2 and cdk1 \newline ·Mitosis – Cyclin B + cdk1}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{NECROSIS AND APOPTOSIS}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Necrosis}} - direct external injury to cells} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}· Cell swell \{\{nl\}\}· Nucleus lyse \{\{nl\}\}· Membrane no integrity \{\{nl\}\}· Pathologic – cell injury} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Apoptosis}} - self-inflicted cell death from the cell itself} \tn 
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\hspace*{6 px}\rule{2px}{6px}\hspace*{6 px}· Cell shrink \{\{nl\}\}· Nucleus condenses \{\{nl\}\}· Membrane intact \{\{nl\}\}· Physiologic – remove unwanted/unneeded cell} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}