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  /Title (labour-laws-unit-1.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (rentasticco)
  /Subject (Labour Laws Unit 1 Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Labour Laws Unit 1 Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{rentasticco} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/177906/cs/48261/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}rentasticco \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/rentasticco} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 7th July, 2026.\\
   Updated 7th July, 2026.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{History and Evolution of Labour Laws}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Labour law regulates the employer–employee relationship.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Modern view (Philadelphia Charter 1944): & "Labour is not a commodity" \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
W. Friedmann & "poverty anywhere is a danger to prosperity everywhere" \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
 & employer owes a "social duty" \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.3731 cm} x{1.64772 cm} x{1.55618 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{History and Evolution of Labour Laws}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Phase}} & {\bf{Examples}} & {\bf{Nature}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Early repressive \seqsplit{(colonial/feudal)} & England: Statute of Labourers 1351 (capped wages, demanding more = offence); Combination Acts 1799/1800 (banned worker \seqsplit{combinations).} {\bf{India}}: Tea District Emigrant Labour Act 1832, Workmen's Breach of Contract Act 1859 (desertion = crime), Assam Labour Emigration Acts 1863–1901 & Served employers; forced labour supply \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 21)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
First protective factory law & Health \& Morals of Apprentices Act 1802 (England) — world's first factory legislation & Protect \seqsplit{children/women} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 7)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
India's first & Factory Act 1881 (from Lancashire lobby pressure vs cheap Indian textile labour; worker benefit incidental) & Colonial \seqsplit{self-interest} \tn 
% Row Count 37 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.3731 cm} x{1.64772 cm} x{1.55618 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{History and Evolution of Labour Laws (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Modern & Progressive laws \seqsplit{post-Independence} rooted in social justice & Welfare state \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Labour laws = "the natural children of the Industrial Revolution."}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.05271 cm} x{1.78503 cm} x{1.73926 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Principles of Labour Legislation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Frank \seqsplit{Tillyard:} & two aspects — protective \& regulative &  \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
R.K. Das (1937): & four principles — (1) Social Justice, (2) Social Welfare, (3) National Economy, (4) International Solidarity. &  \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 8)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Standard 7-principle classification}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Principle}} & {\bf{Meaning}} & {\bf{Example Indian laws}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Protection} & Protect workers who can't protect themselves against industrial hazards, long hours, low wages, child/women exploitation & Factories 1948; Mines 1952; Plantation Labour 1951; Child Labour 1986; Contract Labour 1970; Payment of Wages 1936; Minimum Wages 1948 \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 9)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Social Justice & Remove discrimination against disadvantaged groups (bonded, migrant, women, caste) & Equal Remuneration 1976; Bonded Labour Abolition 1976; Indian Slavery Act 1843; Contract Labour 1970 \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 7)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.05271 cm} x{1.78503 cm} x{1.73926 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Principles of Labour Legislation (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Regulation} & Balance power between employers \& \seqsplit{workers/unions;} regulate IR, strikes, disputes & Trade Unions 1926; ID Act 1947; Standing Orders 1946 \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Welfare & Provide basic amenities to workers \& families beyond statutory minimum & Welfare Fund Acts (Mica, Beedi, Iron/Manganese Ore); Dock Workers 1986; welfare provisions in \seqsplit{Factories/Mines/Plantation} Acts \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 9)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Social Security & Income security against contingencies (sickness, injury, old age, death, maternity) — via social insurance (contributory) \& social assistance \seqsplit{(non-contributory)} & \seqsplit{Workmen's/Employees'} Comp 1923; ESI 1948; EPF 1952; Maternity Benefit 1961 \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 11)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
Economic \seqsplit{Development} & Laws that aid industrial peace \& productivity & IR laws, social security, hours regulation \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{International} \seqsplit{Obligation} & Give effect to ILO \seqsplit{Conventions/Recommendations} & Laws implementing ratified ILO Conventions \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{International Labour Organization (ILO)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Foundations}} & Est. 1919 \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & under Treaty of Versailles (Part XIII) \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Premise}} & lasting peace requires social justice \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
HQ Geneva (1920) & First Director Albert Thomas (France) \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Only tripartite UN agency — governments + employers + workers. & 187 member states. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Specialized UN agency 1946. & Nobel Peace Prize 1969 (50th anniv.) \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Three Organs}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Organ}} & {\bf{Role}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
International Labour Conference (ILC) & Annual "world parliament of labour"; sets standards, budget \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
Governing Body & Executive; policy \& agenda \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
International Labour Office & Permanent secretariat, Geneva \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 0)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Committee of Experts (1926) & supervises application of standards. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
Decent Work Agenda- & 4 strategic objectives: (1) set/promote standards \& fundamental rights at work; (2) create decent employment \& income; (3) enhance social protection; (4) strengthen tripartism \& social dialogue. \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 10)
\end{tabularx}
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\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{International Labour Organization (ILO) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Principles / Declaration of Philadelphia (1944): & "Labour is not a commodity"; "poverty anywhere is a danger to prosperity everywhere"; all humans, irrespective of race/creed/sex, have the right to pursue material well-being \& spiritual development in freedom, dignity, economic security, equal opportunity. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 13)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Instruments:} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Conventions = binding once ratified \seqsplit{(obligation-creating)} & Recommendations = non-binding guidelines. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{By July 2002, India had ratified 39 of 184 ILO Conventions (since increased, incl. core conventions). India ratified Convention No. 81 (labour inspection — inspectors' right to enter freely) and No. 87 (freedom of association).} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 5)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Subjects covered: wages, hours, paid holidays, minimum age, maternity, OSH, social security, freedom of association, collective bargaining, night work, medical examination, employment/unemployment.} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 4)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{India \& ILO: founding member (1919); permanent Governing Body member since 1922.} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.64241 cm} x{3.33459 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Department of Labour (Central \& State)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Central - Ministry of Labour \& Employment} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{One of the oldest \& most important ministries; federal ministry enforcing labour laws \& social security. First Labour Minister: Jagjivan Ram (1947–52).} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Skill \seqsplit{Development/Apprenticeship} → moved to Ministry of Skill Development \& Entrepreneurship (Nov 2014).} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Initiatives: National Career Service portal (20 Jul 2015); e-Shram card (1 Aug 2021) for unorganised workers.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Thrust areas/functions: labour policy \& legislation; safety/health/welfare; social security; special groups (women/child); IR \& enforcement (central sphere); adjudication via Central Govt Industrial Tribunals-cum-Labour Courts \& National Industrial Tribunals; workers' education; labour statistics; emigration for overseas jobs; employment services \& vocational training; ILO cooperation.} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 8)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Organisations:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Type}} & {\bf{Bodies}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
Attached & DG Employment; Chief Labour Commissioner (Central); DGFASLI; Labour Bureau \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Subordinate & DG Mines Safety (DGMS); Labour Welfare Organisations; Indian Labour Archives \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Statutory/Autonomous} & ESIC; EPFO; VVGNLI; Central Labour Institute; Central Govt Industrial Tribunals \& Labour Courts; PDNASS; DTNBWED \tn 
% Row Count 32 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.64241 cm} x{3.33459 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Department of Labour (Central \& State) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{State}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Labour = Concurrent List → each State has a Directorate/Department of Labour headed by a Labour Commissioner.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Functions: enforce state + applicable central laws; run State Labour Courts/Industrial Tribunals; inspect factories/shops (Factories Act, Shops \& Establishments Act); conciliate disputes; administer State ESI/welfare boards.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.4931 cm} x{3.4839 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Important Dates}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
November 26, 1949 & Constitution of India adopted \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
January 26, 1950 & Constitution came into force, celebrated as Republic Day. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.44333 cm} x{3.53367 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sources of the Indian Constitution}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
UK & Parliamentary system, Rule of Law, law-making procedure, single citizenship, bicameralism \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
USA & Judicial review, independence of judiciary, Fundamental Rights, removal of judges \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Ireland & Directive Principles of State Policy \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Canada & Federation with strong Centre; "Union of States" \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Austria & Concurrent List \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Germany (Weimar) & Emergency provisions \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
GoI Act 1935 & Federal structure, office of governors, federal judiciary powers \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Salient Features of the Indian Constitution}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Lengthiest written constitution (bulky: borrowed provisions, single doc for Centre+States, FR+FD+DPSP, SC/ST/backward provisions, emergency provisions, detailed \seqsplit{judiciary/services/elections)}.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Blend of rigidity \& flexibility (some amendments by simple majority, some by special majority + state ratification).} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Parliamentary government (real executive = Council of Ministers; President nominal; collective responsibility to Lok Sabha).} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Federal system with unitary bias ("Union of States"; strong Centre; unitary in emergency; states cannot secede).} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Fundamental Rights (justiciable; laws violating them can be struck down; not absolute — reasonable restrictions).} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Fundamental Duties (added by 42nd Amendment 1976).} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{DPSP (non-justiciable; social \& economic democracy / welfare state).} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Secular State (no state religion; equal treatment).} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Independent Judiciary (integrated; guardian of FRs; judicial review).} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{People as source of authority ("We, the People…").} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Universal Adult Franchise (vote at 18; SC/ST seat reservation).} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Emergency powers \seqsplit{(national/state/financial;} federal→unitary shift).} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Single citizenship.} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 1)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Salient Features of the Indian Constitution (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Bicameral legislature (Lok Sabha = people; Rajya Sabha = states).} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Bicameral legislature (Lok Sabha = people; Rajya Sabha = states).} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Panchayati Raj \& urban local bodies (73rd \& 74th Amendments, 1992).} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Synthesis of parliamentary sovereignty \& judicial supremacy; integrated \& independent judiciary.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.9908 cm} x{2.9862 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Preamble of the Indian Constitution}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Term & Meaning \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Sovereign & Internally \& externally free, no external authority \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Socialist (added 42nd Amdt) & Mixed-economy "democratic socialism" \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Secular (added 42nd Amdt) & No state religion; equal treatment \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Democratic & Authority from people; elected, accountable rulers \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Republic & Elected head of state (President) for fixed term \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Text keywords: Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic + Justice (social, economic, political), Liberty (thought, expression, belief, faith, worship), Equality (status \& opportunity), Fraternity (dignity of individual, unity \& integrity of nation).}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fundamental Duties}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Added by 42nd Amendment 1976 (Swaran Singh Committee) — 10 duties; 11th added by 86th Amendment 2002. Non-justiciable.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{(a) Abide by Constitution, respect ideals/institutions, National Flag \& Anthem} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{(b) Cherish noble ideals of the freedom struggle} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{(c) Uphold sovereignty, unity \& integrity of India} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{(d) Defend the country \& render national service} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{(e) Promote harmony \& common brotherhood; renounce practices derogatory to women's dignity} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 2)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{(f) Value \& preserve composite culture} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{(g) Protect \& improve natural environment; compassion for living creatures} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{(h) Develop scientific temper, humanism, spirit of inquiry} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{(i) Safeguard public property; abjure violence} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{(j) Strive towards excellence} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{(k) (86th Amdt) Parent/guardian to provide education (ages 6–14)} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.09848 cm} x{2.01388 cm} x{1.46464 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Directive Principles of State Policy}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
36 = defines "State." & 37 = DPSPs non-justiciable but fundamental in governance. &  \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Type}} & {\bf{Articles}} & {\bf{Content}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Socialist} & 38 social order with justice; 39 (a) livelihood, (b) resources for common good, (c) prevent wealth concentration, (d) equal pay for equal work, (e) protect health/strength of workers \& children, (f) children's healthy development; 39A free legal aid (42nd Amdt); 41 right to \seqsplit{work/education/public} assistance; 42 just \& humane work conditions + maternity relief; 43 living wage, decent life, leisure; 43A workers' participation in management (42nd Amdt); 47 nutrition, standard of living, public health & Welfare state, worker welfare \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 30)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.09848 cm} x{2.01388 cm} x{1.46464 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Directive Principles of State Policy (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Gandhian & 40 village panchayats; 43 cottage industries; 43B promotion of co-operatives (97th Amdt 2011); 46 promote \seqsplit{SC/ST/weaker-section} interests; 47 prohibition of intoxicants; 48 organise \seqsplit{agriculture/animal} husbandry (cow slaughter) & \seqsplit{Village/self-reliance} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 14)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Liberal–Intellectual} & 44 Uniform Civil Code; 45 early childhood care/education \textless{}6 (86th Amdt); 48 modern agriculture; 48A \seqsplit{environment/forests/wildlife} (42nd Amdt); 49 protect monuments; 50 separation of judiciary from executive; 51 international peace & Modern governance \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 14)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{Labour-critical DPSPs (memorise as a cluster): 38, 39(a)(d)(e)(f), 41, 42, 43, 43A, 47. (These 5 articles — 39, 41, 42, 43, 43A — mirror the ILO Constitution \& Philadelphia Charter 1944.) \newline  \newline {\bf{FR ⇄ DPSP relationship}} \newline FRs justiciable; DPSPs non-justiciable but morally binding. \newline Courts read them harmoniously; DPSPs help interpret FRs (Art 21 read with 39/41/42/43).}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.89126 cm} x{3.08574 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{29 Acts → 4 Codes}}}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Code (yr) & Subsumes \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Wages 2019 (4) & Payment of Wages 1936; Minimum Wages 1948; Bonus 1965; Equal Remuneration 1976 \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
IR 2020 (3) & Trade Unions 1926; Standing Orders 1946; ID Act 1947 \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Social Security 2020 (9) & EPF 1952; ESI 1948; Employees' Comp 1923; Employment Exchanges 1959; Maternity 1961; Gratuity 1972; Cine-Workers Welfare Fund 1981; BOCW Welfare Cess 1996; Unorganised Workers' SS 2008 \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 8)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
OSH 2020 (13) & Factories 1948; Mines 1952; Dock Workers 1986; BOCW 1996; Plantations 1951; Contract Labour 1970; Inter-State Migrant Workmen 1979; Working Journalists (Conditions) 1955; Working Journalists (Wages) 1958; Motor Transport 1961; Sales Promotion Employees 1976; Beedi \& Cigar 1966; Cine-Workers \& Cinema Theatre 1981 \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 14)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.89126 cm} x{3.08574 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{{\bf{29 Acts → 4 Codes}} (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Still standalone:}} Apprentices 1961; Bonded Labour Abolition 1976; Child \& Adolescent Labour 1986; POSH 2013; Public Liability Insurance 1991; Boilers 1923; Manual Scavengers 2013.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Intention/objective one-liners:}}} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Wages:}} universal minimum wage for all; national floor wage (states can't go below); single "wages" definition.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 3)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{IR:}} rationalise disputes, recognise unions, ease retrenchment (100→300), formalise FTE, regulate strikes.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{SS:}} widen net — first cover for \seqsplit{gig/platform/unorganised;} consolidate \seqsplit{EPF/ESI/gratuity/maternity}.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{OSH:}} single safety/health standard; gender parity (women in all shifts with safeguards); ease contractor licensing.} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Indian Constitution}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Constituent Assembly}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The Constituent Assembly was initially composed of 389 members.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{292 members were elected through the Provincial Legislative Assemblies, 93 represented the Indian Princely States, and 4 represented the Chief Commissioners' Provinces.} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Members were chosen by indirect election as per the Cabinet Mission's recommendations.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The Assembly's membership was subsequently reduced to 299 post partition.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Inaugural Session}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{he Constituent Assembly held its first session on December 9, 1946, in the Constitution Hall of Parliament House, now known as Samvidhan Sadan.} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha presided as the interim President during this inaugural meeting.} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{On December 11, 1946, Dr. Rajendra Prasad was appointed as the permanent President of the Constituent Assembly.} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Drafting Committee}}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The Drafting Committee, chaired by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, was the most important committee of the Constituent Assembly.} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Dr. B. R. Ambedkar introduced the final draft of the Constitution to the Assembly on November 04, 1948, for the first reading.} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 3)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The Assembly held a general discussion on the draft for five days, concluding on November 09, 1948.} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Finalized Document}}} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 1)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Indian Constitution (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The final Constitution included 395 articles, divided into 22 parts and 8 Schedules.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{At the time of its adoption, it was the world's lengthiest written Constitution.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Factors that shaped Indian labour legislation}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Early exploitative industrial society — laissez-faire, long hours, child/women abuse, low wages.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Contemporary events/ideas — Rousseau, J.S. Mill, French Revolution, Hegel, Marx \& Engels, Russian Revolution; World Wars made workers realise their bargaining importance.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Growth of trade unionism — demands drove wage/hours/compensation laws and laws regulating disputes.} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Political freedom \& universal adult franchise — workers' votes → pro-labour legislation.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Socialist \& revolutionary ideas — Marx ("workers of the world unite…"); Fabian Society; protective laws adopted as a safe antidote to revolution.} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Humanitarian ideas / social welfare \& justice — reformers (Hume, Place, Shaftesbury); social-science research debunked "natural elite."} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Establishment of ILO — international minimum standards (International Labour Code).} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Colonial rule — Lancashire/Birmingham pressure; British civil servants imported British legal pattern (Workmen's Comp 1923, Trade Unions 1926, Payment of Wages 1936).} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{National emancipation \& the Constitution — freedom struggle pushed protective laws (Royal Commission on Labour, Trade Unions Act); promises embodied in Preamble, FR, DPSP.} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 4)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Changed approach to labour law/IR post-WWII — "labour not a commodity"; employer's "social duty."} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fundamental Rights (Part III, Art 12–35)}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Right to Equality (14-18)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
14 & Equality before law \& equal protection of laws \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
15 & No discrimination on religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
16 & Equality of opportunity in public employment \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
17 & Abolition of untouchability \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 2)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
18 & Abolition of titles (except military/academic) \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Right to Freedom (19–22)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
19 & Six freedoms: (a) speech \& expression, (b) assembly, (c) association (→ trade unions), (d) movement, (e) residence, (g) \seqsplit{profession/occupation/trade/business} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 8)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
20 & Protection re conviction (no ex-post-facto, no double jeopardy, no self-incrimination) \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 5)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fundamental Rights (Part III, Art 12–35) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
21 & Protection of life \& personal liberty → incl. livelihood, dignity, health \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{white}
21A & Right to education (ages 6–14) \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
22 & Protection against arrest \& detention \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Right against Exploitation (23–24)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
23 & Prohibition of human trafficking \& forced labour (begar) \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 3)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{white}
24 & Prohibition of child labour (\textless{}14) in \seqsplit{factories/mines/hazardous} work \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 4)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Right to Freedom of Religion (25–28)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
25 & Freedom of conscience, practice \& propagation \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
26 & Freedom to manage religious affairs \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 2)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
27 & No tax for promotion of any religion \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 2)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
28 & Freedom from religious instruction in state-funded institutions \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 4)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Cultural \& Educational Rights (29–30)}}} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 1)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
29 & Protection of minorities' interests \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Fundamental Rights (Part III, Art 12–35) (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
30 & Minorities' right to \seqsplit{establish/administer} educational institutions \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Right to Constitutional Remedies (32)}} & Ambedkar: "heart and soul." \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & writs: Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari, Quo Warranto \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Right to Property — originally FR under Art 19(1)(f)/31; removed by 44th Amendment 1978; now a legal right under Art 300A.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.32733 cm} x{2.19696 cm} x{1.05271 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Classification of Labour Laws}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Category & Illustrative laws & → maps to Code \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Industrial Relations & Trade Unions 1926; Standing Orders 1946; ID Act 1947 & IR Code \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Wages & Payment of Wages 1936; Minimum Wages 1948; Bonus 1965; Equal Remuneration 1976 & Wages Code \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
Working Conditions / OSH & Factories 1948; Mines 1952; Contract Labour 1970; Plantation 1951 & OSH Code \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 4)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Social Security & EPF 1952; ESI 1948; Maternity 1961; Gratuity 1972; Employees' Comp 1923 & SS Code \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Employment \& Training & Employment Exchanges 1959; Apprentices 1961 & (partly SS Code) \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Specific/deprived} groups & Child Labour 1986; Bonded Labour 1976; POSH 2013 & (mostly \seqsplit{standalone)} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{NCL (2002) grouping: (i) industrial relations, (ii) wages, (iii) social security, (iv) safety, (v) welfare \& working conditions.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.00694 cm} x{1.78503 cm} x{1.78503 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Labour Reforms in India}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Why}} & National Commission on Labour (2002) found laws fragmented, archaic (e.g. Factories Act rules on \seqsplit{spittoons/whitewashing)}, inconsistent definitions ("worker," "wages," "establishment," "appropriate government"). &  \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 14)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
 & \textasciitilde{}40 central + 100+ state laws → govt consolidated 29 central Acts into 4 Codes. Central tension: job creation/firm flexibility vs worker protection. &  \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 10)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Key reform debates (old vs Code):}}} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Issue}} & {\bf{Old}} & {\bf{Code change}} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Coverage} \seqsplit{thresholds} & Most laws at 10+; only organised \textasciitilde{}7\% covered & Wages \& IR → all \seqsplit{establishments;} factory threshold 10→20 (power), 20→40 (no power) \tn 
% Row Count 33 (+ 6)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.00694 cm} x{1.78503 cm} x{1.78503 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Labour Reforms in India (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Retrenchment/closure} & ID Act: govt permission if 100+ & IR Code → 300; govt may raise by notification \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Contract} labour & Contract Labour Act at 20+; no \seqsplit{auto-regularisation} (SC 2001) & OSH Code → 50+; bans contract labour in core activities (except sanitation, security, intermittent); \seqsplit{auto-absorption} if contractor unlicensed \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 10)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Fixed-term} \seqsplit{employment} & Central sphere since 2018 & IR Code formalises FTE — same benefits + pro-rata gratuity \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{white}
Trade union \seqsplit{recognition} & \textasciitilde{}12,420 unions; no recognition criteria & IR Code: sole negotiating union at 51\%; else negotiating council; 14-day strike notice all industries (NCL wanted 66\%) \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 8)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Enforcement} & Multiple \seqsplit{inspections/returns;} rent-seeking & \seqsplit{Web-based/randomised} inspection, \seqsplit{Inspector-cum-Facilitator}, third-party certification, compounding, higher fines \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 8)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.00694 cm} x{1.78503 cm} x{1.78503 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Labour Reforms in India (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\seqsplit{Gig/platform} workers & Outside all laws & SS Code defines gig \& platform workers; enables schemes + aggregator contributions (definitions \seqsplit{overlap/unclear)} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\seqsplit{Delegated} \seqsplit{legislation} & — & Essentials left to govt rule-making (thresholds, SS applicability, safety standards, minimum-wage norms) — criticised \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 8)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{3}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{29 Acts → 4 Codes}}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}---}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}