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  /Title (financial-ratios.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (reccur)
  /Subject (Financial Ratios Cheat Sheet)
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\noindent
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    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{Financial Ratios Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{reccur} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/137043/cs/28756/}}}
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\noindent
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}reccur \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/reccur} \\
  \end{tabulary}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Published 2nd August, 2021.\\
   Updated 12th August, 2021.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
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  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
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\begin{document}
\raggedright
\raggedcolumns

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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Leverage Ratios}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Debt Ratio}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Debt Ratio = Total Debt / Total Assets & measures the relative amount of company's assets that are financed by Debt \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{High Debt Ratio = Higher financial risk}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 0)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Debt Equity Ratio}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
D/E Ratio = Total Debt / Total Common Equity & ratio of firm's total liabilities to Equity Capital \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{High D/E Ratio indicates higher risk to the shareholders}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 0)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Equity Multiplier}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
Equity Multiplier = Total Assets / Total Common Equity & extent to which firm's assets are greater than the shareholder's equity \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{If EM is {\bf{5}}, it means investment in total assets is 5 times the investment by Equity Shareholders}}} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 0)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Market Debt Ratio}}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
Market Debt Ratio = Total Debt / (Total Debt + Market Value of Equity) & ratio between the market value of debt to the market value of debt and equity \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 4)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 0)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Liabilities to Assets Ratio}}} \tn 
% Row Count 26 (+ 1)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
LAR = Total Liabilities / Total Assets & show the share of total liabilities out of total assets \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 3)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 0)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Interest Coverage Ratio}}} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 1)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Leverage Ratios (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
ICR = Operating Income / Interest Expenses & shows how easily a firm can pay its interest expenses \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 0)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Debt Service Coverage Ratio}}} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{white}
DSCR = Operating Income / Total Debt Service & reveals how easily a firm can pay its debt obligations \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{~} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Leverage Ratios or Debt Management Ratios}} indicate the extent to which debt financing is used by a firm. These ratios measure long-term solvency of a firm.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Liquidity Ratios}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Current Ratio}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities & ratio of current assets and current liabilities. It measures the liquidity stand of a firm \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 5)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Ideal ratio is {\bf{2:1}} or more. A low CR, say 0.5:1, means company has Rs.50 for every Rs.100 of debt and can't cover it short-term debts}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 0)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Quick Ratio}}} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Quick Ratio = Quick Assets / Current Liabilities & also know as {\bf{Acid Test Ratio}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Quick Ratio = (Current Assets - Inventories) / Current Liabilities & a measure of short-term solvency of a firm \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 4)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Reliable because assets forming part of quick assets are easily convertible into cash in short notice. Quick ratio of {\bf{1:1}} represents satisfactory financial situation}}} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 4)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 0)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Cash Ratio}}} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Cash Ratio = (Cash + Cash Equivalents) / Current Liabilities & measures a firm's ability to pay off its short-term liabilities with cash and cash equivalents \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 5)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 0)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Operating Cash Flow Ratio}}} \tn 
% Row Count 28 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
OCFR = Operating Cash Flow / Current Liabilities & measure of the number of times a firm can pay off its current liabilities with the cash generated in a given period \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Liquidity Ratios}}  are used to assess the short-term solvency position of a firm i.e. firm's ability to pay short term obligations out of current/liquid assets.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Assets Management (Performance) Ratios}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Inventory Turnover Ratio}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
ITR = Cost of Goods Sold / Inventory & measures how firm's investment in inventory is being used to generate sales \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{shows how rapidly inventory is turning into receivables through sales}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 0)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Days Sales Outstanding}}} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
DSO = (Receivables x No. of days) / Total Credit Sales & used to evaluate a firm's ability to collect its sales in timely manner \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{It is a measure of quality of debtors as It shows  the average length of time that a firm takes to realize in cash after credit sales has been made}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 0)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Receivables Turnover Ratio}}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
RTOR = Annual Credit Sales / Accounts Receivables & indicates the no. of times the firm collects its account receivables during a year \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 5)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Higher RTOR, higher the efficiency of management assets}}} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 2)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 0)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio}}} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
FATOR = Sales / Net Fixed Assets & measures the effectiveness of a firm's ability to make efficient utilization of fixed assets \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 5)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{High FATOR indicates efficient utilization of fixed assets in sales generation}}} \tn 
% Row Count 31 (+ 2)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Assets Management (Performance) Ratios (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 0 (+ 0)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Total Assets Turnover Ratio}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
TATOR = Sales / Total Assets & measure of a firm's ability to make effective utilization of its total investment of generating sales revenue \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 6)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{High TATOR indicates efficient utilization of total assets in sales generation}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Assets Management Ratios}} measure the effectiveness of a firm's asset utilization. Also Called {\bf{Turnover Ratios or Efficiency or Performance Ratios}} because they indicate the speed with which assets are being converted into sales}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Market Values Ratios}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Price Earnings Ratio}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
PE Ratio = Market Price (per Share) / Earnings (per Share) & Ratio of company's stock price to the earnings per share \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{can only be calculated for listed companies. Higher PE ratio = higher growth rate of the firm}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 0)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Market to Book Value Ratio}}} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
MBVR = Market Value (per Share) / Book Value (per Share) & comparison of market value with book value of a firm \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{IF MTBR\textless{}1, undervaluation; IF MTBR \textgreater{} 1, overvaluation;}}} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 0)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Dividends Per Share}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
DPS = Total Dividends / No. of Shares & total dividends shared per unit share \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 2)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{Higher DPS = much profitable for shareholders}}} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 0)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Dividends Payout Ratio}}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
Payout Ratio = Dividends (per Share) / Earnings (per Share) & the amount of divident that a company gives out to its shareholders out to its current earnings \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 5)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{~} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Dividend Yield Ratio}}} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 1)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
DYR = Dividend (per Share) / Share Price & measures the amount of dividends attributed to shareholders relative to the market value per share \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 5)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{~} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Market Values Ratios}} represent the ratios that relate the firm's stock price to its earnings and Stock Value per Share}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.94103 cm} x{3.03597 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Profitability Ratios}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Net Profit Margin}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
NPM = Net Income / Sales & measures net income per Rupee of sales; it measures the operating efficiency \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 0)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Gross Profit Margin}}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
GPM = Gross Profit / Sales & compares the gross profit to its net sales to show how much profit it makes after paying the cost of goods sold \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{GPM = (Sales - Cost of goods sold) / Sales} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\emph{High GPM is a sign of good management efficiency to produce goods and services at low cost}}} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 0)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Earning Power Ratio}}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{EPR = Operating Profit / Total Assets} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 0)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Return on Assets}}} \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{RoA = Net Income / Total Assets} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 0)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Return on Equity}}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{RoE = Net Income / Total Equity} \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 1)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{~} \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{{\bf{Profitability Ratios}} measure the operating efficiency of a firm}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}