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%\usepackage{opensans}          % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely.
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% Document Info
\author{raxxen5}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (adc-and-dac.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (raxxen5)
  /Subject (ADC and DAC Cheat Sheet)
}

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\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
    \SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
    }
\end{tabulary}
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{ADC and DAC Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{raxxen5} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/69629/cs/17615/}}}
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}

\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}raxxen5 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/raxxen5} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 27th October, 2018.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
  \SetRowColor{white}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
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\begin{multicols*}{2}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Flash ADC}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/raxxen5_1540399716_Flash 1.JPG}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sigma-Delta ADC}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/raxxen5_1540400466_Sigma-Delta ADC.JPG}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Successive Approximation Register ADC}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/raxxen5_1540400930_SAR ADC.JPG}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Dual Slope ADC}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/raxxen5_1540400708_Dual-Slope ADC.JPG}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Digital to Analog Conversion}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/raxxen5_1540592956_DAC.JPG}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{A digital to analog converter (DAC) converts a digital signal to an analog voltage or current output.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.76 cm} x{4.24 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of DAC}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Binary Weighted Resistor} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Utilizes a summing op-amp circuit} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Weighted resistors are used to distinguish each bit from the most significant to the least significant} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 3)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Transistors are used to switch between Vref and ground (bit high or low)} \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Assume Ideal Op-amp} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{No current into op-amp} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Virtual ground at inverting input} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Vout= -IRf} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Pros & Cons \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
Simple \seqsplit{Construction/Analysis} & Requires large range of resistors (2000:1 for 12-bit DAC) with necessary high precision for low resistors \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 5)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Fast Conversion & Requires low switch resistances in transistors \tn 
% Row Count 20 (+ 3)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Can be expensive. Therefore, usually limited to 8-bit resolution. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 4)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 0)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{R-2R Ladder} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 1)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{If the bit is high, the corresponding switch is connected to the inverting input of the op-amp.} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{If the bit is low, the corresponding switch is connected to ground.} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Pros & Cons \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 1)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{3.76 cm} x{4.24 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of DAC (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Only two resistor values (R and 2R) & Lower conversion speed than binary weighted DAC \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Does not require high precision resistors} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Binary Weigthed Resistor}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/raxxen5_1540597974_Binary Weighted.JPG}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{R-2R Ladder}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/raxxen5_1540598080_R2R.JPG}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Analog to Digital Conversion}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/raxxen5_1540396029_ADC.JPG}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{It is an electronic process in which a continuously variable (analog) signal is changed, without altering its essential content, into a multi-level (digital) signal.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sample and Hold Circuit}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/raxxen5_1540405019_Sample and Hold.JPG}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Resolution}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/raxxen5_1540398146_Resolution.JPG}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-angle-right\}\}The resolution of the converter indicates the number of discrete values it can produce over the range of analog values. \newline  \newline \{\{fa-angle-right\}\} The resolution determines the magnitude of the quantization error and therefore determines the maximum possible average signal to noise ratio for an ideal ADC}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ADC Value  Calculation}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/raxxen5_1540403042_ADC value Calculation.JPG}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{For an N-bit ADC, the digital representation depends on Number of Bits and Reference values}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Example}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\{\{fa-angle-right\}\}Given a half wave input signal: \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
\{\{fa-angle-double-right\}\}x(t) = Acos(t), A = 5V \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
\{\{fa-angle-right\}\}Full scale measurement rang = 0 to 5 volts \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 2)
\{\{fa-angle-right\}\}ADC resolution is 8 bits: \newline % Row Count 5 (+ 1)
\{\{fa-angle-double-right\}\}2\textasciicircum{}8\textasciicircum{} = 256 quantization levels (codes) \newline % Row Count 7 (+ 2)
\{\{fa-angle-right\}\}ADC voltage resolution, \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 1)
\{\{fa-angle-double-right\}\}Q = (5 V − 0 V) / 256 \newline % Row Count 9 (+ 1)
\{\{fa-angle-double-right\}\}= 5 V / 256 ≈ 0.0195 V \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 1)
\{\{fa-angle-double-right\}\}Q ≈ 19.5 mV.% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Common ADC Types}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Flash ADC}}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{"parallel A/D"} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 1)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Uses a series of comparators} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 1)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Each comparator compares Vin to a different reference voltage, starting w/ Vref = 1/2 lsb} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Pros}} & {\bf{Cons}} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 1)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
Very Fast & Needs many parts (255 comparators for 8-bit ADC) \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 3)
% Row 6
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
 & Expensive \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 7
\SetRowColor{white}
 & Large power consumption \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 2)
% Row 8
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 0)
% Row 9
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Sigma-Delta ADC}}} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 10
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Oversampled input signal goes in the integrator} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 11
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Output of integration is compared to GND} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 12
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Iterates to produce a serial bitstream} \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 1)
% Row 13
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Output is serial bit stream with \# of 1's proportional to Vin} \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 2)
% Row 14
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Pros}} & {\bf{Cons}} \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 1)
% Row 15
\SetRowColor{white}
High resolution & Slow due to oversampling \tn 
% Row Count 21 (+ 2)
% Row 16
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{No precision external components needed} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 1)
% Row 17
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 0)
% Row 18
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Dual-Slope ADC}}} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
% Row 19
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{The sampled signal charges a capacitor for a fixed amount of time} \tn 
% Row Count 25 (+ 2)
% Row 20
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{By integrating over time, noise integrates out of the conversion.} \tn 
% Row Count 27 (+ 2)
% Row 21
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Then the ADC discharges the capacitor at a fixed rate while a counter counts the ADC's output bits.} \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 2)
% Row 22
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{A longer discharge time results in a higher count.} \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 1)
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{x{4 cm} x{4 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Common ADC Types (cont)}}  \tn
% Row 23
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Pros}} & {\bf{Cons}} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 24
\SetRowColor{white}
Input signal is averaged & Slow \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 25
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Greater noise immunity than other ADC types & High precision external components required to achieve accuracy \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 4)
% Row 26
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{High accuracy} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 1)
% Row 27
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 0)
% Row 28
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Successive Approximation Register ADC}}} \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 1)
% Row 29
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Sets MSB} \tn 
% Row Count 10 (+ 1)
% Row 30
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Converts MSB to analog using DAC} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 1)
% Row 31
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Compares guess to input} \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 1)
% Row 32
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Set bit} \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 1)
% Row 33
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Test next bit} \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 1)
% Row 34
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Pros}} & {\bf{Cons}} \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 1)
% Row 35
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Capable of high speed & Higher resolution successive approximation ADCs will be slower \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 4)
% Row 36
\SetRowColor{white}
Medium accuracy compared to other ADC types & Speed limited \textasciitilde{}5Msps \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
% Row 37
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{Good tradeoff between speed and cost} \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 1)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{8.4cm}}{{\bf{Merge columns in Pros and Cons are considered to be in Pros' column}}}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{8.4cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{8.4cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{ADC Types Comparison}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{8.4cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/raxxen5_1540403392_ADC Types Comparison.JPG}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}