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% Document Info
\author{Randomgirlll13}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (c-programming-language-basics.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (Randomgirlll13)
  /Subject (C Programming Language Basics Cheat Sheet)
}

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\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
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    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{C Programming Language Basics Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{Randomgirlll13} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/186328/cs/39141/}}}
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\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}Randomgirlll13 \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/randomgirlll13} \\
  \end{tabulary}
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\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 17th August, 2023.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
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  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
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\begin{document}
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.64241 cm} x{3.33459 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{General Knowledge}}  \tn
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Syntax in C & All Statements in C must end with a semicolon ; \{\{nl\}\} keywords and other code elements are case-sensitive \tn 
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Escape Sequences & In C, within a string the \textbackslash{}n will cut the string and move the part after to the next line. The \textbackslash{}t will tab the string after, giving it more space \tn 
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Single Line Comments & //This is a single line comment within c \tn 
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Block Comments & /*{\emph{ Block comments are nice for when you have a lot to say about a particular piece of code *}}/ \tn 
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Compiling C Code & to compile c code, in a terminal you'll need to type in, minimally, gcc fileName.c \{\{nl\}\} this will output something call a.out which will allow you to run the program \{\{nl\}\} Alternatively, if you do gcc fileName.c -o fileName you can then run it using the denotation of filename instead \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Conditionals}}  \tn
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if Statements & if(x == 3)\{ \{\{nl\}\} printf(x); \{\{nl\}\} \} \tn 
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\SetRowColor{white}
else-if Statements & if(x == 3)\{ \{\{nl\}\} printf(x); \{\{nl\}\} \} else if (x \textless{} 3) \{ \{\{nl\}\} printf(x - 1); \{\{nl\}\} \} \tn 
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else statements & if(x == 3)\{ \{\{nl\}\} printf(x); \{\{nl\}\} \} else if (x \textless{} 3) \{ \{\{nl\}\} printf(x - 1); \{\{nl\}\} \} else \{ \{\{nl\}\} print(0); \{\{nl\}\} \} \tn 
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Ternary Operators: A condensed if-else statement & if (a \textless{} b) \{ \{\{nl\}\} min = a; \{\{nl\}\} \} else \{ \{\{nl\}\} min = b; \{\{nl\}\} \} \{\{nl\}\} \{\{nl\}\} min = a \textless{} b ? a : b; ((This is the ternary Operator for the above if) \{\{nl\}\} to briefly explain it, it essentially will set min to a if the a \textless{} b is true otherwise b, the second option, will be what min is set to \tn 
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Switch Statements: A Condensed series of cascading else statements, it tests a value and compares it against multiple cases. & switch (grade) \{ \{\{nl\}\} case 9: \{\{nl\}\} printf("Freshman\textbackslash{}n"); \{\{nl\}\} break; \{\{nl\}\} default: \{\{nl\}\} printf("Invalid\textbackslash{}n"); \{\{nl\}\} break; \{\{nl\}\} \} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.74195 cm} x{3.23505 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Functions}}  \tn
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Functions in C & A function is a block of reusable logic that may have a defined set of input and output \tn 
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Built-In Function in C & The C Programming language comes with built-in standard library fuctions \{\{nl\}\} - printf() \{\{nl\}\} -rand() \{\{nl\}\} **Note to be able to use these make sure to \#include \textless{}stdio.h\textgreater{} \tn 
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Calling Functions & int myNumber = incrementBy(5, 2); \{\{nl\}\} \{\{nl\}\} A function is called by stating the function name followed by parentheses. One or more argument values can be places in the parentheses as the function requires. \tn 
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Storing a return value & int myNumber = incrementBy(5, 2); \{\{nl\}\} \{\{nl\}\} A function's return value, or output, can be stored in a variable for future use. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Function Signature} \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{Return Type} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.89126 cm} x{3.08574 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Variables}}  \tn
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Variable Names in C & In C, Variable names follow specific Rules: \{\{nl\}\} Names can only be composed of upper and lower case letters, numbers, and underscores. \{\{nl\}\} The first character must be a letter (upper or lower case). \{\{nl\}\} No keywords are allowed as the full name (int is not allowed but int\_count would work) \tn 
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Data Types in C & The four main data types in c are: int, char, double, and float \tn 
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Declaring Variables in C & int int\_count = 4; \{\{nl\}\} double priceApples; \tn 
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Setting Variables in C & When you declare a variable, you do not need to set it right away, but you can set it right away if you want to \tn 
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Variable Casting in C & You can implicitly or explicitly cast to variables in C. However, implicitly casting may not have the same effect as explicitly casting \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Loops and Errors}}  \tn
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While Loops, will iteratre until a condition is met & while (a \textless{} 10) \{ \{\{nl\}\} a++; \{\{nl\}\} \} \tn 
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do -While loops, while loops that initially execute the body once before checking conditions & do \{ \{\{nl\}\} printf("not true!"); \{\{nl\}\} \} (while 2 == 3); \tn 
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for loops, iterates a set number of times & for (int i = 0; i \textless{}= 10; i++) \{ \{\{nl\}\} printf("Hello!"); \{\{nl\}\} \} \tn 
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Loop Keywords & All Loops can Utilize Keywords like continue and break. \{\{nl\}\} Continue will restart the loop without completing anything within the loop past the continue keyword. \{\{nl\}\} break will completely stop the loop and continue on after it within the code. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Pointers and Memory}}  \tn
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What is a pointer? & A pointer is a variable that sotres the hexadecimal address of the variable it is pointing to within memory \tn 
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Declaring pointers & type* pntr; \{\{nl\}\} type *pntr; \tn 
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Accessing Memory Address & A Memory Address of a vairiable is obtained using the reference operator (\&). \{\{nl\}\} *example \&var \tn 
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Dereferencing Pointers & A Pointer is dereference using the dereference operator (*) \{\{nl\}\} *Example *pntr \tn 
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Incrementing and Decrementing Pointers & Pointers can be incremented and decremented using the + and - arithmetic operators \tn 
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Accessing Arrays & Arrays can be accessed by using a pointer to the first element and icrementing and decrementing as necessary \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.94103 cm} x{3.03597 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Operators}}  \tn
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Mathmatical Symbols in C & Addition: + \{\{nl\}\} Subtraction: - \{\{nl\}\} Division: / \{\{nl\}\} Multiplication: * \{\{nl\}\} Incrementing: ++ \{\{nl\}\} Decrementing: -{}- \{\{nl\}\} Modulo: \% \tn 
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Assignment Operations in C & Assignment: = \{\{nl\}\} Addition then Assignment: += \{\{nl\}\} Subtraction then Assignment: -= \{\{nl\}\} Multiplication then Assignment: *= \{\{nl\}\} Division then Assignment: /= \{\{nl\}\} Modulo then Assignment: \%= \tn 
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Comparing Values in C & Both sides Equal?: == \{\{nl\}\} Two sides not equal?: != \{\{nl\}\} left lower then right?: \textless{} \{\{nl\}\} left lower or equal to right?: \textless{}= \{\{nl\}\} left greater than right?: \textgreater{} \{\{nl\}\} left greater than or equal to right?: \textgreater{}= \tn 
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Logical Operators in C & and: \&\& (Both sides true?) \{\{nl\}\} or: || (At least one side true?) \{\{nl\}\} not: ! (true = false, false = true) \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Arrays and Strings}}  \tn
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Creating Uninitialized Arrays & type arr{[}array\_size{]}; \{\{nl\}\} char word{[}15{]}; \tn 
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Creating initilized Arrays & type arr{[}{]} = \{el1, el2\}; \{\{nl\}\} char word{[}{]} = \{'H', 'e', 'l, 'l', 'o', '\textbackslash{}0'\} \tn 
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Accessing Array Elements & arr{[}idx{]}; \{\{nl\}\} word{[}0{]}; ('H') \tn 
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First and Last Array Elements & firstElement = arr{[}0{]}; \{\{nl\}\} lastElement = arr{[}arraySize - 1{]}; \tn 
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sizeof() \{\{nl\}\} {\bf{Note}} C does not have a built in way to actually find the size of an array, this is simply a handy trick to find the amount of elements an array should be able to hold. & int arr{[}17{]}; \{\{nl\}\} size\_t sizeArr = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr{[}0{]}); \{\{nl\}\} **Note size\_t is an unsigned integer type used to represent the size of objects in bytes, its the return type of sizeof() \{\{nl\}\} \tn 
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Invalid Array Access & While it is possible to access beyond an array, it will cause the program to behave unpredictably \tn 
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Creating Multidimensional Arrays & unitializedMultArr = type arr{[}12{]}{[}15{]}...{[}13{]}; \{\{nl\}\} initializedMultArr = type arr{[}{]}{[}15{]}{[}20{]}...{[}n{]} = \{\{elm1, elm2\}, \{elm3\}\} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Arrays and Strings (cont)}}  \tn
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Arrays are static & The length of a string cannot be modified as a string is a char array in C \tn 
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Null Character & All Strings terminate with a null character ('\textbackslash{}0') \tn 
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The length of a string & find the length using the strlen() function \tn 
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string concatenation & strcat() function can be used to concate two strings \tn 
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strcpy() & a string can be copied into an empty char array using this function \tn 
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\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

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