\documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{article}

% Packages
\usepackage{fancyhdr}           % For header and footer
\usepackage{multicol}           % Allows multicols in tables
\usepackage{tabularx}           % Intelligent column widths
\usepackage{tabulary}           % Used in header and footer
\usepackage{hhline}             % Border under tables
\usepackage{graphicx}           % For images
\usepackage{xcolor}             % For hex colours
%\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}    % For unicode character support
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}        % Without this we get weird character replacements
\usepackage{colortbl}           % For coloured tables
\usepackage{setspace}           % For line height
\usepackage{lastpage}           % Needed for total page number
\usepackage{seqsplit}           % Splits long words.
%\usepackage{opensans}          % Can't make this work so far. Shame. Would be lovely.
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}     % For underlining links
% Most of the following are not required for the majority
% of cheat sheets but are needed for some symbol support.
\usepackage{amsmath}            % Symbols
\usepackage{MnSymbol}           % Symbols
\usepackage{wasysym}            % Symbols
%\usepackage[english,german,french,spanish,italian]{babel}              % Languages

% Document Info
\author{rana mohamed}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (as-level-transport-in-mammals.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (rana mohamed)
  /Subject (AS Level - Transport in Mammals Cheat Sheet)
}

% Lengths and widths
\addtolength{\textwidth}{6cm}
\addtolength{\textheight}{-1cm}
\addtolength{\hoffset}{-3cm}
\addtolength{\voffset}{-2cm}
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{0.2cm} % Space between columns
\setlength{\headsep}{-12pt} % Reduce space between header and content
\setlength{\headheight}{85pt} % If less, LaTeX automatically increases it
\renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove footer line
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt} % Remove header line
\renewcommand{\seqinsert}{\ifmmode\allowbreak\else\-\fi} % Hyphens in seqsplit
% This two commands together give roughly
% the right line height in the tables
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3}
\onehalfspacing

% Commands
\newcommand{\SetRowColor}[1]{\noalign{\gdef\RowColorName{#1}}\rowcolor{\RowColorName}} % Shortcut for row colour
\newcommand{\mymulticolumn}[3]{\multicolumn{#1}{>{\columncolor{\RowColorName}}#2}{#3}} % For coloured multi-cols
\newcolumntype{x}[1]{>{\raggedright}p{#1}} % New column types for ragged-right paragraph columns
\newcommand{\tn}{\tabularnewline} % Required as custom column type in use

% Font and Colours
\definecolor{HeadBackground}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{FootBackground}{HTML}{666666}
\definecolor{TextColor}{HTML}{333333}
\definecolor{DarkBackground}{HTML}{A31000}
\definecolor{LightBackground}{HTML}{FCF7F7}
\renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault}
\color{TextColor}

% Header and Footer
\pagestyle{fancy}
\fancyhead{} % Set header to blank
\fancyfoot{} % Set footer to blank
\fancyhead[L]{
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{C}
    \SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
    \vspace{-7pt}
    {\parbox{\dimexpr\textwidth-2\fboxsep\relax}{\noindent
        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
    }
\end{tabulary}
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{11cm}{L}
    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{AS Level - Transport in Mammals Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{rana mohamed} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/210959/cs/47300/}}}
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}

\fancyfoot[L]{ \footnotesize
\noindent
\begin{multicols}{3}
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{LL}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}rana mohamed \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/rana-mohamed} \\
  \end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 5th November, 2025.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
\end{tabulary}
\vfill
\columnbreak
\begin{tabulary}{5.8cm}{L}
  \SetRowColor{FootBackground}
  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Sponsor}}  \\
  \SetRowColor{white}
  \vspace{-5pt}
  %\includegraphics[width=48px,height=48px]{dave.jpeg}
  Measure your website readability!\\
  www.readability-score.com
\end{tabulary}
\end{multicols}}




\begin{document}
\raggedright
\raggedcolumns

% Set font size to small. Switch to any value
% from this page to resize cheat sheet text:
% www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_169.html
\footnotesize % Small font.

\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Closed Double Circulation}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Blood is enclosed within capillaries. \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
Blood travels through the heart twice in one complete circuit.% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Double Circulation maintains a high blood pressure.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Types of Circulations}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Pulmonary Circulation: Right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Systemic Circulation: Left ventricle pumps blood to all body tissues.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Left Ventricle \textgreater{}\textgreater{} Right Ventricle}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{LV has a thicker wall than RV as LV pumps blood to all body tissues (systemic), so to generate more pressure to overcome high resistance.% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Blood Capillaries}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/rana-mohamed_1762371669_AS Blood Capillaries.png}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The capillaries}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Capillaries have lumens with a diameter of 7 μm -{}-\textgreater{} just big enough for a RBC to squeeze through.} \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Capillary wall is one cell thick -{}-\textgreater{} Less diffusion distance} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Capillaries have high surface area to volume ratio.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 2)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Capillaries are very narrow -{}-\textgreater{} to bring the RBCs very close to the cells.} \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 2)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Capillaries have gaps in between the {\emph{endothelial cells}} -{}-\textgreater{} allow components of blood plasma to leak out, forming the tissue fluid.} \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Arteries}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Arteries {\emph{further away}} from the heart have {\emph{fewer elastic fibers}} in the tunica media, but they have {\emph{more muscle fibers}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Arterioles have a {\emph{greater}} proportion of {\emph{smooth muscle}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Veins}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Wide lumen -{}-\textgreater{} less resistance to blood flow.} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Blood flows through veins by the contraction of skeletal muscles which squeeze inwards on the nearby veins, thus increasing the pressure inside them.} \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Valves}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Valves prevent the backflow of blood.} \tn 
% Row Count 1 (+ 1)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Valves are held in place by {\bf{tendons}} that are attached to {\bf{papillary muscles}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 2)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{Papillary muscles {\emph{contract}} during ventricular systole {\emph{to hold the AV valves closed}} and {\emph{prevent the AV valves from flipping inside out}}.} \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.59264 cm} x{3.38436 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{EF, SM \& CF}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Elastic Fibers}} & Stretch during systole to expand/dilate the BV, to accommodate the high pressure.\{\{nl\}\}Recoil during diastole so the BV recoils back/constricts to its original size, pushing the blood forward. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 8)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{Smooth Muscle}} & Relax to widen/dilate the BV, increasing the blood flow to tissues.\{\{nl\}\}Contract to narrow/constrict the BV, reducing the bl0od flow to tissues.\{\{nl\}\}They help to control the blood volume flowing into a tissue at different times. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 9)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{Collagen Fibers}} & Help in withstanding the high blood pressure. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 2)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{BV = Blood Vessels -{}-\textgreater{} Artery/Vein.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.23965 cm} x{2.73735 cm} }
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cardiac Cycle}}  \tn
% Row 0
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
Definition & It is the sequence of events that make up one heartbeat. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{1. Atrial Systole}} (0.1s) & The {\emph{atria contract}}, generating a pressure that forces blood into the {\emph{relaxed ventricles}} through the {\emph{open AV valves}}, while {\emph{SL valves remain closed}} (to prevent backflow of blood into veins). \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 9)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
{\bf{2. Ventricular Systole}} (0.3s) & The {\emph{atria relax}} and the {\emph{ventricles contract}}, generating a larger pressure that forces the blood to {\emph{close the AV valves}} (to prevent backflow of blood into atria) and to {\emph{open the SL valves}} (to allow blood flow into the arteries). \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 11)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
{\bf{3. Diastole}} (0.4s) & The {\emph{atria remain relaxed}} and the {\emph{ventricles relax}}, so pressure in ventricles decreases. \{\{nl\}\}When the ventricular pressure becomes lower than the {\bf{arterial}} pressure and {\bf{atrial}} pressure, {\emph{SL valves close}} and {\emph{AV valves open}}. \tn 
% Row Count 34 (+ 11)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{The heart beats around 75 times per minute. \newline Each cycle takes 0.8 seconds.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cardiac Cycle Graph}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\vspace{1px}\centerline{\includegraphics[width=5.1cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/uploads/rana-mohamed_1762349103_Cardiac Cycle Graph e.jpg}}} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
\SetRowColor{DarkBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Control of  Heartbeat}}  \tn
\SetRowColor{white}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{1. SAN acts as a pacemaker, \newline % Row Count 1 (+ 1)
sending out waves of excitation, \newline % Row Count 2 (+ 1)
and causing the atria to contract. \newline % Row Count 3 (+ 1)
2. Waves of excitation enters the AVN \newline % Row Count 4 (+ 1)
which delay the impulse for a fraction of a second (0.1s). \newline % Row Count 6 (+ 2)
3. This delay ensures that the atria and ventricles do not contract at the same time, \newline % Row Count 8 (+ 2)
as the delay gives the atria enough time to fully empty their blood into the ventricles. \newline % Row Count 10 (+ 2)
4. Waves of excitation pass down the Parkyne tissue down the septum, \newline % Row Count 12 (+ 2)
causing the ventricles to contract from bottom upwards.% Row Count 14 (+ 2)
} \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The cardiac muscle is {\emph{myogenic}} -{}-\textgreater{} it spontaneously contracts on its own without the need for nerve impulses to initiate the contraction.}  \tn 
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}-}
\end{tabularx}
\par\addvspace{1.3em}


% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

\end{document}