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\author{RainyMoons (RainyMoons)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (us-civil-rights-timeline.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (RainyMoons (RainyMoons))
  /Subject (US Civil Rights Timeline Cheat Sheet)
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{US Civil Rights Timeline Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{RainyMoons (RainyMoons)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/153402/cs/44059/}}}
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  \vspace{-2pt}RainyMoons (RainyMoons) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/rainymoons} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 15th September, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Early Foundations (Pre-1940s)}}  \tn
% Row 0
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1865 & The Thirteenth Amendment is ratified, abolishing slavery in the United States. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
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\SetRowColor{white}
1868 & The Fourteenth Amendment is ratified, granting citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States and guaranteeing equal protection under the law. \tn 
% Row Count 8 (+ 5)
% Row 2
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1870 & The Fifteenth Amendment is ratified, prohibiting states from denying the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude. \tn 
% Row Count 12 (+ 4)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
1896 & Plessy v. Ferguson: The Supreme Court upholds "separate but equal" segregation laws in public facilities. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 3)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1940s: Early Activism and Legal Challenges}}  \tn
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1941 & A. Philip Randolph organizes a March on Washington to protest racial discrimination in defense industries, leading President Franklin D. Roosevelt to issue Executive Order 8802, banning discrimination in defense jobs. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
1942 & The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) is founded in Chicago to challenge segregation through nonviolent direct action. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 4)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
1948 & President Harry S. Truman issues Executive Order 9981, desegregating the armed forces. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\par\addvspace{1.3em}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.34379 cm} x{3.63321 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1950s: Legal Victories \& Mass Mobilisation}}  \tn
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1954 & Brown v. Board of Education: The Supreme Court rules that racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional, overturning Plessy v. Ferguson. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
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\SetRowColor{white}
1955 & Emmett Till, a 14-year-old African American, is brutally murdered in Mississippi, galvanizing national attention to racial violence. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 5)
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1 December 1955 & Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat to a white passenger on a Montgomery, Alabama bus, leading to the Montgomery Bus Boycott. \tn 
% Row Count 16 (+ 5)
% Row 3
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1955-1956 & Montgomery Bus Boycott: Led by Martin Luther King Jr. and the Montgomery Improvement Association, the boycott successfully ends with the Supreme Court ruling that bus segregation is unconstitutional. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 7)
% Row 4
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
1957 & The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) is founded by Martin Luther King Jr. and other civil rights leaders to coordinate nonviolent protests. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 6)
% Row 5
\SetRowColor{white}
1957 & The Little Rock Nine integrate Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, under federal troop protection following resistance from the state governor. \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 6)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1950s: Legal Victories \& Mass Mobilisation (cont)}}  \tn
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1957 & The Civil Rights Act of 1957 is signed into law, establishing the Civil Rights Division in the Department of Justice and the Commission on Civil Rights. \tn 
% Row Count 6 (+ 6)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1960s: Height of the Movement}}  \tn
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1960 & The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) is founded in Raleigh, North Carolina, emphasizing youth-led, grassroots activism. \tn 
% Row Count 5 (+ 5)
% Row 1
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1 February 1960 & Greensboro sit-ins begin as four African American college students sit at a segregated Woolworth's lunch counter, sparking similar protests across the South. \tn 
% Row Count 11 (+ 6)
% Row 2
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1961 & Freedom Rides: CORE and SNCC activists ride interstate buses into the segregated South to challenge non-enforcement of Supreme Court rulings against segregation. \tn 
% Row Count 17 (+ 6)
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1962 & James Meredith enrolls at the University of Mississippi (Ole Miss), facing violent resistance; federal marshals are deployed to ensure his admission. \tn 
% Row Count 23 (+ 6)
% Row 4
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1963 & Birmingham Campaign: Led by the SCLC, protests in Birmingham, Alabama, confront segregation, resulting in police violence and mass arrests; media coverage shocks the nation. \tn 
% Row Count 29 (+ 6)
% Row 5
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28 August 1963 & March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom: Over 250,000 people gather at the Lincoln Memorial, where Martin Luther King Jr. delivers his iconic "I Have a Dream" speech. \tn 
% Row Count 35 (+ 6)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1960s: Height of the Movement (cont)}}  \tn
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1964 & Freedom Summer: A campaign to register African American voters in Mississippi, marked by the murders of civil rights workers James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 7)
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2 July 1964 & The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson, banning discrimination in public accommodations, employment, and education. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 6)
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1965 & Selma to Montgomery Marches: Highlighting voting rights issues, the marches lead to "Bloody Sunday" when state troopers attack marchers; widespread outrage follows. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 6)
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6 August 1965 & The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is signed into law, prohibiting racial discrimination in voting practices and enforcing the Fifteenth Amendment. \tn 
% Row Count 24 (+ 5)
% Row 10
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1966 & The Black Panther Party is founded in Oakland, California, by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale, advocating for armed self-defense and community programs. \tn 
% Row Count 30 (+ 6)
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1967 & Loving v. Virginia: The Supreme Court rules that state bans on interracial marriage are unconstitutional. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Late 1960s: Continuing Struggle}}  \tn
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1967 & Thurgood Marshall is appointed as the first African American Supreme Court Justice. \tn 
% Row Count 3 (+ 3)
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1968 & Memphis Sanitation Workers Strike: African American sanitation workers strike for better wages and working conditions; Martin Luther King Jr. supports the strike. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 6)
% Row 2
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4 April 1968 & Martin Luther King Jr. is assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee, sparking riots in cities across the country. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 4)
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\SetRowColor{white}
11 April 1968 & The Civil Rights Act of 1968 (Fair Housing Act) is signed into law, prohibiting discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing. \tn 
% Row Count 18 (+ 5)
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1970s: Continuing Activism \& Changes}}  \tn
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1971 & Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education: The Supreme Court upholds the use of busing to achieve school desegregation. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
1972 & The Equal Employment Opportunity Act strengthens the enforcement of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. \tn 
% Row Count 7 (+ 3)
% Row 2
\SetRowColor{LightBackground}
1978 & Regents of the University of California v. Bakke: The Supreme Court rules that racial quotas in college admissions are unconstitutional but affirms the use of race as one factor in admissions decisions. \tn 
% Row Count 13 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{1980s-2000s: Ongoing Struggles \& Progress}}  \tn
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1982 & The Voting Rights Act is extended for 25 years. \tn 
% Row Count 2 (+ 2)
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1983 & Martin Luther King Jr. Day is established as a federal holiday. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 2)
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1991 & The Civil Rights Act of 1991 is passed, strengthening existing civil rights laws and providing for damages in cases of intentional employment discrimination. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 3
\SetRowColor{white}
2003 & Grutter v. Bollinger and Gratz v. Bollinger: The Supreme Court upholds affirmative action in college admissions at the University of Michigan, allowing race to be considered as one factor. \tn 
% Row Count 15 (+ 6)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{2010s-Present: Renewed Movements}}  \tn
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2010 & The Affordable Care Act is signed into law, expanding healthcare access and including provisions addressing health disparities. \tn 
% Row Count 4 (+ 4)
% Row 1
\SetRowColor{white}
2013 & Shelby County v. Holder: The Supreme Court invalidates key provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, leading to new voting restrictions in several states. \tn 
% Row Count 9 (+ 5)
% Row 2
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2014 & The Black Lives Matter movement gains national prominence following the police killings of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, and Eric Garner in New York City. \tn 
% Row Count 14 (+ 5)
% Row 3
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2020 & Nationwide protests occur following the killing of George Floyd by police in Minneapolis, Minnesota, leading to renewed calls for police reform and racial justice. \tn 
% Row Count 19 (+ 5)
% Row 4
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2021 & Juneteenth is established as a federal holiday, commemorating the end of slavery in the United States. \tn 
% Row Count 22 (+ 3)
\hhline{>{\arrayrulecolor{DarkBackground}}--}
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% That's all folks
\end{multicols*}

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