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\author{RainyMoons (RainyMoons)}
\pdfinfo{
  /Title (the-opium-wars-lecture.pdf)
  /Creator (Cheatography)
  /Author (RainyMoons (RainyMoons))
  /Subject (The Opium Wars Lecture Cheat Sheet)
}

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        \hspace*{-6pt}\includegraphics[width=5.8cm]{/web/www.cheatography.com/public/images/cheatography_logo.pdf}}
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    \vspace{-2pt}\large{\bf{\textcolor{DarkBackground}{\textrm{The Opium Wars Lecture Cheat Sheet}}}} \\
    \normalsize{by \textcolor{DarkBackground}{RainyMoons (RainyMoons)} via \textcolor{DarkBackground}{\uline{cheatography.com/153402/cs/44146/}}}
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  \mymulticolumn{2}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheatographer}}  \\
  \vspace{-2pt}RainyMoons (RainyMoons) \\
  \uline{cheatography.com/rainymoons} \\
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  \mymulticolumn{1}{p{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Cheat Sheet}}  \\
   \vspace{-2pt}Not Yet Published.\\
   Updated 19th August, 2024.\\
   Page {\thepage} of \pageref{LastPage}.
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  Measure your website readability!\\
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\begin{multicols*}{3}

\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Comprehensive Overview}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The Opium Wars, which took place during the mid-19th century, were a significant turning point in Chinese history and the broader history of East-West relations. They are often seen as the start of what China calls the "Century of Humiliation," a period of foreign domination and internal strife. These conflicts were primarily between China (under the Qing Dynasty) and Great Britain, with France later joining in the second conflict. The wars were largely about trade, sovereignty, and the clash of cultures and economic systems.} \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Background and Context}}  \tn
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{\bf{China in the Early 19th Century}} & {\bf{Political Structure:}} The Qing Dynasty was ruling China, which was a highly centralized empire with a rigid social hierarchy. The emperor was seen as the "Son of Heaven," with absolute authority. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Economic System:}} China had a largely agrarian economy with a strong emphasis on self-sufficiency. The Qing government controlled foreign trade strictly, limiting it to the port of Canton (Guangzhou) under the Canton System. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Canton System:}} Foreign merchants were allowed to trade only in Canton and only through a limited number of Chinese merchants known as "hongs." This system severely restricted Western access to the Chinese market. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Background and Context (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{The British Empire and Its Trade Interests}} & {\bf{Industrial Revolution:}} By the early 19th century, Britain was undergoing rapid industrialization, which increased its need for raw materials and markets for its manufactured goods. \tn 
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 & {\bf{British Trade Deficit with China:}} Britain had a significant trade deficit with China due to high demand for Chinese tea, silk, and porcelain, while China showed little interest in British manufactured goods. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Opium as a Solution:}} To correct this trade imbalance, British merchants began exporting opium, grown in British-controlled India, to China. \tn 
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{\bf{The Opium Trade}} & {\bf{Opium Introduction:}} Opium had been used in China for medicinal purposes, but its recreational use grew rapidly in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Background and Context (cont)}}  \tn
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 & {\bf{Expansion of the Trade:}} British traders, particularly through the East India Company, began to smuggle opium into China on a large scale. By the 1820s and 1830s, opium addiction became a significant social problem in China. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Chinese Government Response:}} The Qing government, recognizing the social and economic damage caused by the opium trade, attempted to enforce bans on opium, but corruption and local resistance made these efforts largely ineffective. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The First Opium War (1839-1842)}}  \tn
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{\bf{Immediate Causes}} & {\bf{Lin Zexu's Anti-Opium Campaign:}} In 1839, the Qing government appointed Lin Zexu as a special commissioner to suppress the opium trade. Lin took strong measures, including confiscating and destroying over 20,000 chests of opium in Canton. \tn 
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 & {\bf{British Reaction:}} The British government, under pressure from opium traders, demanded compensation and refused to accept Lin's actions. Tensions escalated when Lin blocked British ships from supplying fresh water in Macao and the Pearl River. \tn 
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{\bf{Major Events and Battles}} & {\bf{Battle of Kowloon (1839):}} The conflict began with a skirmish between British and Chinese forces in Kowloon. The British, with their superior naval power, quickly escalated the conflict. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The First Opium War (1839-1842) (cont)}}  \tn
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 & {\bf{Naval Campaigns:}} The British navy, using advanced steam-powered ships, blockaded Chinese ports and bombarded coastal cities, including Canton, Ningbo, and Zhoushan. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Capture of Nanking (1842):}} The British forces eventually captured Nanking (Nanjing), which led to negotiations to end the war. \tn 
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{\bf{The Treaty of Nanking (1842)}} & The Treaty of Nanking was highly unfavorable to China \tn 
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 & {\bf{Cession of Hong Kong:}} China ceded Hong Kong Island to Britain. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Indemnity:}} China had to pay a large indemnity to Britain. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Opening of Ports:}} Five ports (Canton, Amoy, Fuzhou, Ningbo, and Shanghai) were opened to British trade and residence. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Extraterritoriality:}} British citizens in these ports were subject to British, not Chinese, law. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The First Opium War (1839-1842) (cont)}}  \tn
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 & {\bf{Impact on China:}} The Treaty of Nanking marked the beginning of the "Treaty Ports" system and the loss of Chinese sovereignty over its own trade and legal systems. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Second Opium War (1856-1860)}}  \tn
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{\bf{Causes and Preludes}} & {\bf{Treaty Violations and British Ambitions:}} Britain was dissatisfied with the implementation of the Treaty of Nanking and sought further concessions. The Qing government was reluctant to open up more ports or legalize the opium trade. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Arrow Incident (1856):}} The immediate cause of the Second Opium War was the boarding of the British-registered ship Arrow by Chinese officials in Canton, which the British claimed was a violation of their extraterritorial rights. \tn 
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 & {\bf{French Involvement:}} France joined the conflict after the execution of a French missionary in China. \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.4885 cm} x{2.4885 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Second Opium War (1856-1860) (cont)}}  \tn
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{\bf{Major Events and Battles}} & {\bf{Capture of Canton (1857):}} Anglo-French forces captured Canton after a prolonged siege, further humiliating the Qing government. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Tianjin Campaign (1858):}} The combined British and French forces moved north and captured the Dagu Forts, leading to the occupation of Tianjin. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Burning of the Summer Palace (1860):}} In retaliation for the torture and execution of British and French envoys, Anglo-French forces looted and burned the Old Summer Palace (Yuanmingyuan) in Beijing. \tn 
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{\bf{Treaties of Tianjin (1858) and Beijing (1860)}} & {\bf{Treaty of Tianjin:}} Initially signed in 1858, it granted Western powers further privileges, including the right to establish embassies in Beijing and legalize the opium trade. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{The Second Opium War (1856-1860) (cont)}}  \tn
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 & {\bf{Treaty of Beijing:}} Following the capture of Beijing, the Treaty of Beijing reaffirmed and expanded the concessions made in the Treaty of Tianjin, including ceding the Kowloon Peninsula to Britain. \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{1.69218 cm} x{3.28482 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Consequences and Impact}}  \tn
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{\bf{Impact on China}} & {\bf{Loss of Sovereignty:}} The Opium Wars marked the beginning of the "Century of Humiliation," during which China was subjected to numerous "unequal treaties" that eroded its sovereignty. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Economic Impact:}} The opening of treaty ports and the legalization of opium trade disrupted China's traditional economy and led to increased foreign exploitation. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Internal Strife:}} The weakened Qing government faced increasing internal rebellion, most notably the Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864), which further destabilized the country. \tn 
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{\bf{Impact on Britain}} & {\bf{Expansion of Empire:}} The wars solidified Britain's presence in Asia, leading to increased trade and the expansion of its colonial empire, particularly in Hong Kong and other treaty ports. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Consequences and Impact (cont)}}  \tn
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 & {\bf{Economic Gains:}} Britain reaped significant economic benefits from the opium trade and the broader opening of Chinese markets. \tn 
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{\bf{Global Impact}} & {\bf{Precedent for Imperialism:}} The Opium Wars set a precedent for Western imperial powers to impose their will on weaker nations through military force and "gunboat diplomacy." \tn 
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 & {\bf{Shift in Global Trade:}} The opening of China marked a significant shift in global trade patterns, with Western powers increasingly dominating Asian markets. \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{x{2.28942 cm} x{2.68758 cm} }
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Analysis and Interpretations}}  \tn
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{\bf{Perspectives on the Opium Wars}} & {\bf{Chinese Perspective:}} The Opium Wars are seen as a national tragedy, the beginning of a period of foreign domination and internal weakness that lasted until the mid-20th century. \tn 
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 & {\bf{British Perspective:}} At the time, many in Britain saw the wars as a necessary means to open China to free trade, though modern perspectives often criticize the moral implications of promoting opium addiction. \tn 
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 & {\bf{Global Perspective:}} The Opium Wars are a clear example of the darker side of imperialism, where economic interests were prioritized over human welfare and sovereignty. \tn 
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{\bf{Legacy of the Opium Wars}} & {\bf{Historical Memory:}} The Opium Wars remain a sensitive topic in China, symbolizing the dangers of foreign domination and the importance of national strength and unity. \tn 
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\mymulticolumn{2}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Analysis and Interpretations (cont)}}  \tn
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 & {\bf{Ongoing Impact:}} The legacy of the Opium Wars continues to influence China's foreign policy, particularly its emphasis on sovereignty and resistance to foreign interference. \tn 
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\begin{tabularx}{5.377cm}{X}
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{\bf\textcolor{white}{Conclusion}}  \tn
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\mymulticolumn{1}{x{5.377cm}}{The Opium Wars were a pivotal moment in Chinese and world history, with far-reaching consequences that shaped the modern world. They illustrate the devastating impact of imperialism, the clash of cultures and economic systems, and the long-term effects of historical trauma on national identity and policy. Understanding the Opium Wars is crucial to understanding the subsequent development of China and its relations with the West, as well as the broader patterns of global history during the 19th century.} \tn 
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